text:
Copenhagen (play)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Copenhagen
1998 Premiere season programme
Written by
Michael Frayn
Characters
Niels Bohr
Margrethe Bohr
Werner Heisenberg
Date premiered
1998
Place premiered
London, England
Original language
English
Subject
Physics, Politics, WWII, Memory, Perspective
Genre
Historical Drama
Copenhagen is a play by Michael Frayn, based on an event that occurred in Copenhagen in 1941, a meeting between the physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It premiered in London in 1998 at the National Theatre, running for more than 300 performances, starring David Burke (Niels Bohr), Sara Kestelman (Margrethe Bohr), and Matthew Marsh (Werner Heisenberg).
It opened on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on 11 April 2000 and ran for 326 performances. Directed by Michael Blakemore, it starred Philip Bosco (Niels Bohr), Michael Cumpsty (Werner Heisenberg), and Blair Brown (Margrethe Bohr). It won the Tony Award for Best Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play, Blair Brown, and Best Direction of a Play (Michael Blakemore).
In 2002, the play was adapted as a film by Howard Davies, produced by the BBC and presented on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Characters
3 Genre
4 Style
5 Recurring images and motifs
6 Language
7 Production history
8 Awards and honours
9 Historical debate
10 Physicists referenced
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Notes
12.2 Bibliography
13 External links
Summary[edit]
The spirits of Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr and Bohr's wife Margrethe, meet after their deaths to attempt to answer the question that Margrethe poses in the first line of the play, "Why did he [Heisenberg] come to Copenhagen?” They spend the remainder of the two-act drama presenting, debating and rejecting theories that may answer that question.
Heisenberg – "No one understands my trip to Copenhagen. Time and time again I’ve explained it. To Bohr himself, and Margrethe. To interrogators and intelligence officers, to journalists and historians. The more I've explained, the deeper the uncertainty has become. Well, I shall be happy to make one more attempt."
Along the way, Heisenberg and Bohr "draft" several versions of their 1941 exchange, arguing about the ramifications of each potential version of their meeting and the motives behind it. They discuss the idea of nuclear power and its control, the rationale behind building or not building an atomic bomb, the uncertainty of the past and the inevitability of the future as embodiments of themselves acting as particles drifting through the atom that is Copenhagen.
Characters[edit]
In most dramatic works where the characters are based on real people, there is a point at which the character deviates from the real person. Michael Frayn works to keep this distinction as small as possible. Having studied memoirs and letters and other historical records of the two physicists, Frayn feels confident in claiming that "The actual words spoken by [the] characters are entirely their own." With that in mind, the character descriptions apply to both the representative characters as well as the physicists themselves. There is a great amount known about all of the primary characters presented in Copenhagen; the following includes those bits of information which are directly relevant and referenced in the work itself.[1]
Werner Heisenberg was born in 1901 in Würzburg, Germany. The son of a university professor, Heisenberg grew up in an environment with an intense emphasis on academics, but was exposed to the destruction that World War I dealt to Germany at a rather young age. He married Elisabeth Schumacher, also the child of a professor, and they had seven children. He received his doctorate in 1923 from the physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, and went to Copenhagen to study quantum mechanics with Niels Bohr in 1924, when he was 22, and replaced Bohr's assistant, H. A. Kramers. In 1926, The University of Leipzig offered him the opportunity to become Germany's youngest full professor. Heisenberg is best known for his "Uncertainty Principle," (translated from the German Ungenauigkeit [inexactness] or Unschärfe [lack of sharpness] Relation, which was later changed to Unbestimmtheit meaning "indeterminate.") In 1927, he and Bohr presented the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. During the Second World War, Heisenberg worked for Germany, researching atomic technology and heading their nuclear reactor program. After the war, his involvement with the Nazis earned him certain notoriety in the world of physicists, mainly due to the fact that he could have given Hitler the means to produce and use nuclear arms. He continued his research until his death in 1976 in Munich.
Niels Bohr was born in 1885, making him 38 when Heisenberg first came to work with him. He married Margrethe Norlund in 1912 in Copenhagen and together they had six sons, two of whom died. Harry Lustig notes his biographies that "Most of the world's great theoretical physicists... spent periods of their lives at Bohr's Institute." Before the war, his research was instrumental in nuclear research, some of which led to the building of the bomb. During the war, however, Bohr was living in occupied Denmark and somewhat restricted in his research; he escaped to Sweden in 1943, just before an SS sweep which would have incriminated him through his Jewish heritage. In America, he worked in Los Alamos on the atomic bomb until the end of the war. He died in 1962 and was survived by his wife, Margrethe.
Margrethe Bohr, known later in her life as Dronning or "Queen" Margrethe, was born in 1890 in Denmark. She was closely involved in her husband's work; he would commonly bounce ideas off of her, trying to explain them in "plain language." She died in 1984, survived by several of her children. Her son Hans wrote, "My mother was the natural and indispensable centre. Father knew how much mother meant to him and never missed an opportunity to show his gratitude and love.... Her opinions were his guidelines in daily affairs," and this relationship shows in Michael Frayn's dialogue.
Genre[edit]
Copenhagen cannot be labelled simply as a comedy or tragedy; the lack of a protagonist and direct conflict prevents this in large part. David Rush explores a subgenre of theatre, a later hybrid form known as "drama," which he describes as a piece which cannot be specifically categorised as a tragedy, but which he notes involves "serious people going about serious business in a serious way." As the characters in Copenhagen are already dead, they cannot suffer any tragic fall; though there is definite wit in the arguments, it is taken in a very serious light seeing as it regards subjects like war, fear and nuclear arms. It is most nearly a "drama," but works in many ways as an expository piece in the manner it presents information to the audience.
Style[edit]
The construction of the plot is non-linear, seeing as it does not exist in time and space. Sometimes one character will not notice that there are other people in the space, and speak as if to no one. The world that Frayn presents is outside of our conceptions as audience members, simply by virtue of the fact that no one attending the play has ever died. So the world in which Copenhagen is based is somewhere between heaven and an atom.
It can also be thought to exist "inside the heads" of the characters present. It is a subjective world, taking and manipulating history, picking apart some events and mashing others together to better compare them. The characters are all plagued by some form of guilt or another, particularly in reference to the atomic bomb, and they are trapped in this world, doomed to forever speculate on that evening in Copenhagen in 1941 to determine how the world might have been changed. These are all traits of the artistic style known as Expressionism.
In his preface to A Dream Play, August Strindberg notes that in these worlds, "everything is possible and probable. Time and space do not exist. Working with... real events as a background, the imagination spins out its threads of thoughts and weaves them into new patterns." Copenhagen is an embodiment of these principles.
Recurring images and motifs[edit]
Because the concepts in physics and politics are at times very complicated or very abstract, Frayn uses several controlling images to better relate certain ideas to his audience.
• Skiing and Table-Tennis – These two activities are referred to as a pastime of Bohr and Heisenberg's, and both demonstrate the competition between the two (representative of national competition.) They are also used to suggest Heisenberg's speed and recklessness which contrasts with Bohr's caution and tediousness.
• Invisible Straight – An anecdote in which Bohr managed to bluff himself in a game of poker by betting on a straight that he thought he had, but he really did not. This principle is applied to nuclear weaponry, suggesting that nations will act differently when they think that an opponent can produce nuclear arms, whether or not the opponent can.
• Cap-Pistols, Land Mines and Nuclear Reactors – These fall into the Toy vs. Weapon theme and once again presents anecdotes of Bohr and Heisenberg's lives. Their fascination in playing with the new toy blinds them to the danger that it poses.
• Bomb – The term "bomb" appears as a literal looming image in many cases, but it is used figuratively in a couple of instances, as if it should be a joke, but with such grave implications that it cannot be found funny. (For example, Heisenberg refers to a "bomb having gone off" in Bohr's head.)
• Christian Reaching for the Life-Buoy – Christian was one of Bohr's sons, who tragically drowned while he and Bohr were out sailing. The phrase "Christian reaches for the life-buoy" appears several times during the play, and every time, the characters seem to hold their breath in the hope that this time, Christian will survive. Bohr had concluded that they would have both drowned had he jumped in to save his son, and this presents an idea of futile heroics, particularly with reference to Heisenberg and what should happen if he were to resist Hitler's rule.
• "Another Draft" – Whenever the characters conclude that an interpretation of their 1941 meeting is incorrect, they call for "another draft."
Language[edit]
Though the dialogue does not contradict logic, it cannot be called realistic in the strictest sense. One character's line might fade into the next, as though the second person knew exactly what he was going to say; sometimes a character will slip into a memory and partially relive a former or younger self in a monologue; and over the course of the show, there is a definite ambiguity as to whether they are speaking to one another or to the audience.
The play was originally written in English, but the real people in the exchange may have had this conversation in Danish or German. But even with translation in mind, Frayn defends that the words in the script are those that the characters would actually say. In his post-script, he writes, "If this needs any justification, I can only appeal to Heisenberg himself." Understandably, Frayn needs to present the characters in an interesting and dramatic light, as well as depicting a setting that no living person has visited, so the accuracy of such dialogue is subject to dwindle by degrees.
Plain language and scientific language both operate in this play. There are several instances when the two physicists start speaking too scientifically for many people to understand, and one of them will remark that they must revert to plain language, to explain it in a way that Margrethe will understand. Even for this effort though, criticism arose about the complexity of the play and the difficulty for viewers to comprehend. A writer for The Commonweal commented on the Broadway premiere, saying that "the play's relentless cerebral forays can... be frustrating."
Production history[edit]
London Premiere – 1998
Copenhagen opened in the National Theatre in London and ran for more than 300 performances, starring David Burke as Niels Bohr, Sara Kestelman as Margrethe Bohr, and Matthew Marsh as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by Michael Blakemore.
"Copenhagen" transferred to the Duchess Theatre in London's West End, where it ran from 8 February 1999, for more than 750 performances. It had a "second" cast when it opened in the West End, who were responsible for performing at least one of the matinee shows each week. The second cast consisted of David Baron as Niels Bohr, Corinna Marlowe as Margarethe Bohr, and William Brand as Werner Heisenberg, and after six months, they replaced the original cast for the rest of the West End run.
Broadway Opening – April 2000
Continuing under the direction of Michael Blakemore, it opened on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on 11 April and ran for 326 performances. Starring Philip Bosco as Bohr, Michael Cumpsty as Heisenberg and Blair Brown as Margrethe, it went on to win the Tony Award for Best Play, along with two others for Best Featured Actress in a Play (Blair Brown), and Best Direction of a Play (Michael Blakemore). But even for its success, Frayn admitted in an article that "A number of commentators expressed misgivings about the whole enterprise." Several critics noted that it was heavy with scientific dialogue, a little too heavy for the common audience. Though a writer from Physics World hailed it as “brilliant theatre ,” a Charles Spencer, of the Daily Telegraph, wrote, "I felt that my brain was being stretched to breaking point—well beyond breaking point, in fact."
TV Movie – 2002
The play was adapted as a television movie in 2002, with Daniel Craig as Heisenberg, Stephen Rea as Niels Bohr, and Francesca Annis as Margrethe Bohr. The movie substantially cuts down the script of the play, eliminating several recurring themes, and most of the material that established the community of scientists in Copenhagen. It also abandons the abstract staging of the theatrical version in favour of being set in the city of Copenhagen, in Bohr's old house.
Recent revivals
The play has been revived at:
Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh, with Tom Mannion as Niels Bohr, Sally Edwards as Margrethe Bohr, and Owen Oakeshott as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by Tony Cownie.
the New Vic Theatre in Staffordshire with John O'Mahony as Niels Bohr, Jamie Hinde as Heisenberg and Deborah Maclaren as Margrethe Bohr. It was directed by James Dacre.
The Living Theatre in New York City with Lou Vuolo as Bohr, Mary Ann Hay as Margrethe, and Keith Herron as Heisenberg. It was directed by Anne Pasquale.
The Lyceum theatre in Sheffield with Henry Goodman as Niels Bohr, Geoffrey Streatfeild as Werner Heisenberg and Barbara Flynn as Margrethe. It was directed by David Grindley.
Ranga Shankara in Bangalore with Prakash Belawadi as Niels Bohr, Nakul Bhalla as Werner Heisenberg and Sharanya Ramprakash as Margrethe. It was directed by Prakash Belawadi.
Pratyay Amateur Theatre Art Centre (प्रत्यय हौशी नाट्य कला केंद्र, कोल्हापूर)[2] of Kolhapur (Maharashtra State, India), in Marathi translation by Dr Sharad Navare (शरद नावरे), directed by Dr Sharad Bhuthadiya (शरद भुथाडिया), with Sagar Talashikar (सागर तळाशीकर) as Werner Heisenberg, Dr Sharad Bhuthadiya as Neils Bohr and Meghana Khare (मेघना खरे) as Margrethe.
Oxford University's The Michael Pilch Studio Theatre in October 2016 with Rupert Stonehill as Heisenberg, George Varley as Bohr and Miranda Collins as Margrethe. It was produced by Emma Irving, directed by Archie Thomson, and assistant directed by Jack Cammack.[3]
Radio – January 2013
Adapted and directed by Emma Harding for BBC Radio 3 starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Werner Heisenberg, Greta Scacchi as Margrethe Bohr and Simon Russell Beale as Niels Bohr.
Balch Arena Theater at Tufts University with Artoun Festekjian as Niels Bohr, Maya Grodman as Margrethe Bohr, and Alex Kaufman as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by Michael Roubey. February 2013
Awards and honours[edit]
1998 Evening Standard Award for Best Play
Drama Desk Award for Best New Play
New York Drama Critics' Circle Best Play
Tony Award for Best Play
Prix Molière
Historical debate[edit]
The meeting took place in September 1941 when Bohr and Heisenberg were 55 and 39, respectively. Heisenberg had worked with Bohr in Copenhagen for several years starting in 1924.
Heisenberg historians remain divided over their own interpretations of the event. Frayn's 1998 play brought more attention to what previously had been a primarily scholarly discussion. A collection of historical essays provoked by the play was published in English in 2005.[4]
Much of the initial controversy stemmed from a 1956 letter Heisenberg sent to the journalist Robert Jungk after reading the German edition of Jungk's book, Brighter than a Thousand Suns (1956). In the letter, Heisenberg described how he had come to Copenhagen to discuss with Bohr his moral objections toward scientists working on nuclear weapons, but how he had failed to say this clearly before the conversation came to a halt. Jungk published an extract from the letter in the Danish edition of the book in 1956 which, out of context, made it look as if Heisenberg was claiming to have sabotaged the German bomb project on moral grounds. (The letter's whole text shows Heisenberg was careful not to claim this.)[5] Bohr was outraged after reading this extract in his copy of the book, feeling that this was false and that the 1941 meeting had proven to him that Heisenberg was quite happy to produce nuclear weapons for Germany.
After the play inspired numerous scholarly and media debates over the 1941 meeting, the Niels Bohr Archive[6] in Copenhagen released to the public all sealed documents related to the meeting, a move intended mostly to settle historical arguments over what they contained. Among the documents were the unsent letters Bohr drafted to Heisenberg in 1957 about Jungk's book and other topics.[7]
These drafts proved to be significant in several resects. First, they proved to be relatively consistent with Heisenberg's recollections of the meeting[5] given to Jungk in 1956, meaning that the course of the conversation can now be fairly well established. Bohr and Heisenberg agree that Heisenberg started the visit by stating to Bohr that nuclear weapons were now conceivable. As Heisenberg wrote to Jungk,
This talk probably started with my question as to whether or not it was right for physicists to devote themselves in wartime to the uranium problem – as there was the possibility that progress in this sphere could lead to grave consequences in the technique of the war.
Bohr confirms this by writing
It had to make a very strong impression on me that at the very outset you stated that you felt certain that the war, if it lasted sufficiently long, would be decided with atomic weapons.
Heisenberg repeated his convictions on the technical feasibility of building nuclear weapons. As Heisenberg recalled:
He [Bohr] replied as far as I can remember with a counter-question, "Do you really think that uranium fission could be utilized for the construction of weapons?" I may have replied: "I know that this is in principle possible, but it would require a terrific technical effort, which, one can only hope, cannot be realized in this war." Bohr was shocked by my reply.
Bohr's draft letters are consistent with this:
I did not respond to this at all, but as you perhaps regarded this as an expression of doubt, you related how in the preceding years you had devoted yourself almost exclusively to the question and were quite certain that it could be done...
(This point is of interest, because it is at odds with the suggestion by critics that miscalculations by Heisenberg had led him to conclude erroneously, that atomic weapons were not feasible.[8][9] According to Bohr's later notes, Heisenberg then told Bohr that he had not come to discuss the technical aspects of the potential weapons:
Heisenberg said explicitly that he did not wish to enter into technical details but that Bohr should understand that he knew what he was talking about as he had spent 2 years working exclusively on this question.
Unfortunately, because of Heisenberg's concerns about being monitored – his discussion of any details of Germany's nuclear efforts with someone in an occupied country would have been illegal – his remarks were cryptic. Indeed, Bohr's letters note that Heisenberg spoke "in vague terms", from which Bohr was only able to form an "impression" about Heisenberg's efforts. Bohr wrote of this:
I listened to this without speaking since [a] great matter for mankind was at issue in which, despite our personal friendship, we had to be regarded as representatives of two sides engaged in mortal combat. That my silence and gravity, as you write in the letter, could be taken as an expression of shock at your reports that it was possible to make an atomic bomb is a quite peculiar misunderstanding, which must be due to the great tension in your own mind. From the day three years earlier when I realized that slow neutrons could only cause fission in Uranium 235 and not 238, it was of course obvious to me that a bomb with certain effect could be produced by separating the uraniums. In June 1939 I had even given a public lecture in Birmingham about uranium fission, where I talked about the effects of such a bomb but of course added that the technical preparations would be so large that one did not know how soon they could be overcome. If anything in my behaviour could be interpreted as shock, it did not derive from such reports but rather from the news, as I had to understand it, that Germany was participating vigorously in a race to be the first with atomic weapons.[10]
This circumspect discussion, combined with Bohr's shocked reaction to it, apparently cut off the discussion between the two. Thus, the Bohr letters cannot resolve the question, posed by the Copenhagen play, of what Heisenberg had tried to convey to Bohr.
Heisenberg's comment that he knew about the potential for weaponizing uranium fission, appears to counter the arguments of critics such as Rose [11] and Bernstein [12] that calculation errors in 1940 about feasibility, rather than moral scruples, led Heisenberg not to pursue building nuclear weapons.
Finally, the 1957 Bohr draft letters, written 16 years after the meeting, suggest a conflict between Bohr and Heisenberg. Heisenberg's letter to his wife, written on the eve of his departure from Copenhagen, provides no hint of a fracture. In it, he related his final evening with Bohr as very pleasant and unremarkable: "Today I was once more, with Weizsäcker, at Bohr's. In many ways this was especially nice, the conversation revolved for a large part of the evening around purely human concerns, Bohr was reading aloud, I played a Mozart Sonata (a-Major)."[13]
In a March 2006 interview[14] Ivan Supek, one of Heisenberg's students and friends, commented that "Copenhagen is a bad play" and that "Frayn mixed up some things". Supek also claimed that Weizsäcker was the main figure of the meeting. Allegedly, "Heisenberg and Weizsäcker came to Bohr wearing German army uniforms. Weizsäcker tried to persuade Bohr to mediate for peace between Great Britain and Germany and Heisenberg practically completely relied on his political judgement". Supek received these details in a confidential conversation with Margrethe who thought he would never make them public. Supek however felt it was "his duty to announce these facts so that future generations can know the truth about the Bohr – Heisenberg meeting".
Supek's statements about Bohr's recollection of "the Bohr – Heisenberg meeting" mixes up the visit. Because Heisenberg could only visit Bohr in occupied Denmark on behalf of the German government, Heisenberg was obliged to make public lectures on behalf of the Government which were monitored by German government officials. Heisenberg tried to convey his opinions later during private discussions with Bohr. Heisenberg's letters to his wife and later to Jungk place his conversation with Bohr on Wednesday evening. Either he talked with Bohr on a walk, or at his residence. [3][7] Bohr, Supek, and Heisenberg describe the meeting differently[15]
Physicists referenced[edit]
Over the course of the play, a number of renowned physicists are mentioned. Many of them are referenced in the context of their work with either Bohr or Heisenberg. This is the order they appear in the script:
Max Born
Pascual Jordan
Carl von Weizsäcker
Rozental Petersen
Christian Møller
Samuel Goudsmit
Albert Einstein
Wolfgang Pauli
Otto Frisch
Lise Meitner
Arnold Sommerfeld, Max von Laue, and Karl Wirtz
Otto Hahn – credited with the discovery of fission
Fritz Strassmann
Enrico Fermi
John Wheeler
Robert Oppenheimer
Erwin Schrödinger
Hendrik Casimir
George Gamow
Oskar Klein
James Chadwick
Victor Weisskopf
Fritz Houtermans
Edward Teller
Leó Szilárd
Paul Dirac
H.A. Kramers
George Uhlenbeck
Rudolph Peierls
See also[edit]
Doctor Atomic
History of nuclear weapons
Operation Alsos (postwar attempt to gauge the progress of the German bomb project)
Operation Epsilon
Manhattan Project (Allied wartime bomb project)
Uranverein (Nazi wartime bomb project)
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Much of the above is based on Biographies of Persons in Copenhagen, compiled by Harry Lustig
Jump up ^ "Security Check Required". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
Jump up ^ Review: Copenhagen, Retrieved 3rd November 2016, http://www.cherwell.org/2016/10/30/review-copenhagen/
Jump up ^ "Michael Frayn's Copenhagen in Debate". Ohst.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Letter from Werner Heisenberg to Robert Jungk". Werner-heisenberg.unh.edu. 17 November 1956. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ * "Niels Bohr Archive". Niels Bohr Archive. February 2002. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Document 9. Translation". Nbi.dk. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Rose, Paul Lawrence Heisenberg and the Nazi atomic bomb project: a study in German culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998)
Jump up ^ Heisenberg in Copenhagen , Paul Lawrence Rose, reply by Thomas Powers, 19 October 2000, The New York Review of Books
Jump up ^ "Document 1. Translation". Nbi.dk. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/oct/19/heisenberg-in-copenhagen/
Jump up ^ J. Bernstein, "Heisenberg and the Critical Mass," Am. J. Phys. 70, 911 (2002)
Jump up ^ "Copenhagen, Tuesday night ( September 1941 added in Elisabeth's handwriting)". Werner-heisenberg.unh.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Moj život s nobelovcima 20. stoljeća – mJutarnji". Jutarnji.hr. 18 March 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Document 1. Translation". Nba.nbi.dk. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Cassidy, David C. Uncertainty : the life and science of Werner Heisenberg. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY. 1992.
Frayn, Michael. Copenhagen. New York City. Anchor Books: Random House, Inc. 2000.
Lustig, Harry. “Biographies of Persons in Copenhagen.” City University of New York Graduate Center: American Social History Project.
Rush, David. A Student Guide to Play Analysis. Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL
Spencer, Charles. review of Copenhagen in The Daily Telegraph, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
Ziman, John. review of Copenhagen in Physics World, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
Zoglin, Richard, review of Copenhagen in Time, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
External links[edit]
Copenhagen at the Internet Broadway Database
Copenhagen at the Internet Broadway Database
Review from the American Institute of Physics
Documents relating to the 1941 meeting released in 2002 by the Niels Bohr Archive
American Repertory Theatre's production, directed by Scott Zigler
Michael Frayn's Copenhagen in Debate: Historical Essays and Documents on the 1941 Meeting between Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg
Copenhagen Symposium at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
Heisenberg wanted to help Bohr. A new document about the meeting of the two physicists in Copenhagen in 1941. (in German) In: Berliner Zeitung, 5 April 2002
[show]
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play (1975–2000)
Same Time, Next Year / Equus (1975)
Streamers (1976)
A Texas Trilogy / Otherwise Engaged (1977)
Da (1978)
The Elephant Man (1979)
Children of a Lesser God (1980)
Amadeus (1981)
"Master Harold"...and the Boys (1982)
Torch Song Trilogy (1983)
The Real Thing (1984)
As Is (1985)
A Lie of the Mind (1986)
Fences (1987)
M. Butterfly (1988)
The Heidi Chronicles (1989)
The Piano Lesson (1990)
Lost in Yonkers (1991)
Marvin's Room (1992)
Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)
Angels in America: Perestroika (1994)
Love! Valour! Compassion! (1995)
Master Class (1996)
How I Learned to Drive (1997)
The Beauty Queen of Leenane (1998)
Wit (1999)
Copenhagen (2000)
Complete list
(1955–1974)
(1975–2000)
(2001–2025)
[show]
v
t
e
Helpmann Award for Best Play
Life After George (2001)
Cloudstreet (2002)
Copenhagen (2003)
Inheritance (2004)
The Sapphires (2005)
Stuff Happens (2006)
The Lost Echo (2007)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2008)
War of the Roses (2009)
Richard III (2010)
The Wild Duck (2011)
Ganesh Versus the Third Reich (2012)
The Secret River (2013)
Angels in America (2014)
The Glass Menagerie (2015)
The Bleeding Tree (2016)
The Drover's Wife (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Play (1976–2000)
Travesties (1976)
The Shadow Box (1977)
Da (1978)
The Elephant Man (1979)
Children of a Lesser God (1980)
Amadeus (1981)
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1982)
Torch Song Trilogy (1983)
The Real Thing (1984)
Biloxi Blues (1985)
I'm Not Rappaport (1986)
Fences (1987)
M. Butterfly (1988)
The Heidi Chronicles (1989)
The Grapes of Wrath (1990)
Lost in Yonkers (1991)
Dancing at Lughnasa (1992)
Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)
Angels in America: Perestroika (1994)
Love! Valour! Compassion! (1995)
Master Class (1996)
The Last Night of Ballyhoo (1997)
'Art' (1998)
Side Man (1999)
Copenhagen (2000)
Complete list
(1948–1975)
(1976–2000)
(2001–2025)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_(play)&oldid=798310816"
Categories:
Plays by Michael Frayn
Biographical plays about scientists
Plays based on actual events
Plays about World War II
1998 plays
Broadway plays
British plays adapted into films
Nuclear war and weapons in popular culture
Physics in fiction
Copenhagen in fiction
1941 in fiction
Fiction narrated by a dead person
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
Evening Standard Award for Best Play winners
New York Drama Critics' Circle Award winners
Tony Award-winning plays
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2012
All articles needing additional references
EngvarB from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2013
Articles with IBDb links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 04:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Royale_Theatre
mw-redirect
Royale Theatre

values:
/wiki/Copenhagen_(TV_film)
mw-redirect
Copenhagen (TV film)

values:
/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service
mw-redirect
Public Broadcasting Service

values:
/wiki/Atomic_bomb
mw-redirect
Atomic bomb

values:
/wiki/H._A._Kramers
mw-redirect
H. A. Kramers

values:
/wiki/University_of_Leipzig
mw-redirect
University of Leipzig

values: Edit section: Recurring images and motifs

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_weaponry
mw-redirect
Nuclear weaponry

values:
/wiki/The_Commonweal
mw-redirect
The Commonweal

values:
/wiki/National_Theatre_in_London
mw-redirect
National Theatre in London

values:
/wiki/London%27s_West_End
mw-redirect
London's West End

values:
/wiki/Lyceum_theatre_in_Sheffield
mw-redirect
Lyceum theatre in Sheffield

values:
/wiki/Oxford_University
mw-redirect
Oxford University

values: The Michael Pilch Studio Theatre (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Evening_Standard_Awards
mw-redirect
Evening Standard Awards

values:
/wiki/Carl_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker
mw-redirect
Carl von Weizsäcker

values:
/wiki/Otto_Frisch
mw-redirect
Otto Frisch

values:
/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer
mw-redirect
Robert Oppenheimer

values:
/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd
mw-redirect
Leó Szilárd

values:
/wiki/H.A._Kramers
mw-redirect
H.A. Kramers

values:
/wiki/Rudolph_Peierls
mw-redirect
Rudolph Peierls

values:
/wiki/Operation_Alsos
mw-redirect
Operation Alsos

values:
nofollow
http://www.nba.nbi.dk/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.ibdb.com/Show/View/10290

values: background: #D7F1D7;;background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #D7F1D7;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (play)

values: background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #C0C0C0;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Biographical plays about scientists

values: Category:British plays adapted into films

values: Category:Nuclear war and weapons in popular culture

values: Category:Fiction narrated by a dead person

values: Category:Evening Standard Award for Best Play winners

values: Category:New York Drama Critics' Circle Award winners

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Copenhagen_(play)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: コペンハーゲン (戯曲) – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Copenhagen_play rootpage-Copenhagen_play vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
The Karate Kid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Karate Kid (disambiguation).
The Karate Kid
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John G. Avildsen
Produced by
Jerry Weintraub
Written by
Robert Mark Kamen
Starring
Ralph Macchio
Noriyuki "Pat" Morita
Elisabeth Shue
Music by
Bill Conti
Cinematography
James Crabe
Edited by
John G. Avildsen
Walt Mulconery
Bud S. Smith
Production
company
Delphi II Productions
Jerry Weintraub Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
June 22, 1984 (1984-06-22)
Running time
127 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$8 million[2]
Box office
$90.8 million[3]
The Karate Kid is a 1984 American martial arts drama film produced by Jerry Weintraub, directed by John G. Avildsen, written by Robert Mark Kamen, and stars Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita and Elisabeth Shue.[4][5] It is an underdog story in the mold of a previous success with Rocky (1976), which Avildsen also directed. The film features the Gōjū-ryū, Gōjū Kai style of karate. The Karate Kid was a commercial success upon release and garnered critical acclaim, earning Morita a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Title
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
5 Accolades
6 Legacy
6.1 Sequels and remake
6.2 TV Series
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Daniel LaRusso and his mother move from Newark, New Jersey to Reseda, Los Angeles, California. The maintenance man in their new apartment complex is an eccentric, gruff, but ultimately kind and generous Okinawan immigrant named Mr. Miyagi.
At a beach party, Daniel meets Ali Mills, a high school cheerleader from Encino, Los Angeles. Johnny Lawrence, Ali's ex-boyfriend, is the top student of a karate dojo called "Cobra Kai." When Johnny accidentally breaks Ali's radio, Daniel attempts to stop him, but is easily overpowered and humiliated by Johnny. Continuously bullied by the Cobra Kai students after this, Daniel finds solace with Miyagi. At a Halloween party, Daniel douses Johnny with water; chased and eventually cornered by Johnny and his accomplices, Daniel is savagely beaten until Miyagi intervenes, easily defeating Daniel's bullies.
Daniel asks Miyagi to teach him to fight. Miyagi refuses, instead agreeing to accompany Daniel to the Cobra Kai dojo to resolve the conflict. They meet with the sensei, John Kreese, an ex-Special Forces Vietnam veteran who teaches his students to be aggressive and merciless against their opponents. He dismisses the peace offering made by Miyagi, so Miyagi proposes that Daniel will enter the Under-18 All-Valley Karate Tournament, where he will compete against the Cobra Kai students, and requests that the bullying cease while Daniel trains. Kreese agrees to the terms, and warns that if Daniel does not appear at the tournament, the harassment will resume on both Daniel and Miyagi.
Daniel's 'training' starts under the guise of having him complete various lengthy, menial chores that appear to have nothing to do with karate, Daniel shows displeasure in the teachings and vents his frustration, Miyagi asks Daniel to demonstrate the tasks again before attacking Daniel, he easily defends the attack and realises Miyagi has been teaching him defensive blocks using muscle memory. Through Miyagi's teaching, Daniel learns the necessity of personal balance, reflected in the principle that martial arts training is not so much about disciplining the body as it is the spirit.
At the tournament, Daniel unexpectedly reaches the semi-finals. After Daniel defeats a particularly skilled opponent, Kreese, worried that Daniel might make it to the finals, instructs Bobby Brown—one of his more compassionate students and the least vicious of Daniel's tormentors—to disable Daniel with an illegal attack to the knee. Bobby reluctantly does so and is disqualified. Daniel, refusing to concede, convinces Miyagi to use a pain suppression technique so he can continue the tournament. Daniel, barely able to stand, uses a Crane kick, which allows him to deliver a blow to Johnny's head using only one leg and wins the tournament. Johnny, having gained respect for his nemesis, gives Daniel his trophy and Daniel is carried off by the enthusiastic crowd.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Karate Kid characters
Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
Noriyuki "Pat" Morita as Mr. Miyagi
Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
Martin Kove as John Kreese
Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso
William Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
Ron Thomas as Bobby Brown
Rob Garrison as Tommy
Chad McQueen as Dutch
Tony O'Dell as Jimmy
Israel Juarbe as Freddy Fernandez
William Bassett as Mr. Mills
Juli Fields as Susan
Larry B. Scott as Jerry
Production[edit]
Title[edit]
The production obtained permission from DC Comics to use “Karate Kid” as the title of their film.[6]
Casting[edit]
According to the special-edition DVD commentary, the studio originally wanted the role of Mr. Miyagi to be played by Toshiro Mifune, but writer Robert Mark Kamen was opposed to that casting choice feeling that Mifune's interpretation of the character lacked the warmth and humor that the role needed. Mako was also considered for the role of Mr. Miyagi, but was not available due to prior commitments to film Conan the Destroyer, though he would eventually play a similar role in the film Sidekicks. According to Randee Heller, two days after she was cast, Jerry Weintraub informed her that they intended to replace her with Valerie Harper. John G. Avildsen said that after seeing Harper's audition they decided not to replace Heller after all.[7]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on October 31, 1983,[8] and wrapped on December 16, 1983.[9]
Music[edit]
The musical score for The Karate Kid was composed by Bill Conti, a frequent collaborator of director John G. Avildsen since their initial pairing on Rocky (1976). The instrumental score was orchestrated by Jack Eskew and featured pan flute solos by Gheorge Zamfir. On March 12, 2007, Varèse Sarabande released all four Karate Kid scores in a 4-CD box set limited to 2,500 copies worldwide.[10]
A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Casablanca Records containing many of the contemporary songs featured in the film. Of particular note is Joe Esposito's "You're the Best", featured during the tournament montage near the end of the first film. Originally written for Rocky III, "You're the Best" was rejected by Sylvester Stallone in favor of Survivor's "Eye of the Tiger". Coincidentally, Survivor also performed the main theme ("The Moment of Truth" Music & Lyrics: Bill Conti, Dennis Lambert, Peter Beckett) for The Karate Kid.
Bananarama's 1984 hit song "Cruel Summer" also made its U.S. debut in The Karate Kid but was excluded from the film's soundtrack album. Other songs featured in the film but left off the album include "Please Answer Me" performed by Broken Edge and "The Ride" performed by The Matches.
Track listing for 1984 soundtrack
"The Moment of Truth" (Survivor)
"(Bop Bop) On the Beach" (The Flirts, Jan & Dean)
"No Shelter" (Broken Edge)
"Young Hearts" (Commuter)
"(It Takes) Two to Tango" (Paul Davis)
"Tough Love" (Shandi)
"Rhythm Man" (St. Regis)
"Feel the Night" (Baxter Robertson)
"Desire" (Gang of Four)
"You're the Best" (Joe Esposito)
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Karate Kid ranked #40 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[11]
The film received an approval rating of 88% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews, its consensus reads: "Utterly predictable and wholly of its time, but warm, sincere, and difficult to resist, due in large part to Pat Morita and Ralph Macchio's relaxed chemistry."[12]
On its release, Roger Ebert called the film one of the year's best, gave it four stars out of four, and described it as an "exciting, sweet-tempered, heart-warming story with one of the most interesting friendships in a long time."[13] Janet Maslin of The New York Times also gave a positive review.[14]
Upon release of the 2010 remake, Dana Stevens wrote, "The 1984 original ... may have seemed like a standard-issue inspirational sports picture at the time, but (as with another box-office hit of the same year, The Terminator) a generation of remove reveals what a well-crafted movie it actually was. Rewatched today, the original Kid, directed by Rocky's John G. Avildsen, feels smart and fresh, with a wealth of small character details and a leisurely middle section that explores the boy's developing respect for his teacher."[15]
Accolades[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Award
Category
Result
1985 Academy Awards Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Pat Morita Nominated
Golden Globes Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture - Pat Morita Nominated
Young Artist Awards Best Family Motion Picture - Drama Won
Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama - Elisabeth Shue Won
Best Young Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama - William Zabka Nominated
Legacy[edit]
Main article: The Karate Kid (franchise)
The film spawned a franchise of related items and memorabilia such as action figures, head bands, posters, T-shirts, and a video game. A novelization was made by B.B. Hiller and published in 1984. The novel had a scene that was in the rehearsal when Daniel encounters Johnny during school at lunch. Also at the end, there was a battle between Miyagi and Kreese in the parking lot after the tournament which was the original ending for the film and used as the beginning of The Karate Kid Part II.
The film has been credited for popularizing Karate in the United States.[16][17]
The music video for the song "Sweep the Leg" by No More Kings stars William Zabka (who also directed the video) as a caricature of himself and features references to The Karate Kid, including cameo appearances by Zabka's former Karate Kid co-stars.[18]
Kove and Zabka[19] appeared on an episode of Tosh.0 as their original characters for "Board Breaker Web Redemption". The skit was inspired by a viral video made by Josh Plotkin, where he talked about accomplishing goals through believing in yourself. The skit spoofed the final fight of the movie. At the end of the skit, Daniel Tosh, dressed as Mr. Miyagi, honks Kove's nose, a reference to Mr. Miyagi's action in the scene at the beginning of The Karate Kid, Part II.
Macchio and Zabka made a guest appearance as themselves in the How I Met Your Mother episode "The Bro Mitzvah". In the episode, Macchio is invited to Barney Stinson's bachelor party, leading to Barney shouting that he hates Macchio and that Johnny was the real hero of The Karate Kid. Towards the end of the episode, a clown in the party wipes off his makeup and reveals himself as Zabka.[20]
In 2015, toy company Funko released new The Karate Kid action figures as part of their ReAction line. The six-piece line saw two versions of Daniel Larusso, Johnny Lawrence, Mr. Miyagi, John Kreese and Ali Mills represented in three and a half inch action figure form. The toys were sold via retailers such as Target and Amazon.com.[21] Additionally, Funko has released several The Karate Kid figures within its popular Funko Pop! line.
Sequels and remake[edit]
The original 1984 film had three sequels, and it launched the career of Macchio, who would turn into a teen idol featured on the covers of magazines such as Tiger Beat. It revitalized the acting career of Morita, previously known mostly for his comedic role as Arnold on Happy Days, who was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his performance as Mr. Miyagi. Morita reprised his role in three subsequent sequels.[22]
The Karate Kid Part II: A 1986 sequel in which Daniel accompanies Miyagi on a trip back to Okinawa (Japan), where he is reunited with loved ones, and is challenged by an old adversary.
The Karate Kid Part III: A 1989 sequel in which Kove reappears as Kreese, seeking revenge on Daniel and Miyagi with the help of allies played by Thomas Ian Griffith and Sean Kanan.
The Next Karate Kid: A 1994 revamp sequel in which Hilary Swank appears as Mr. Miyagi's new student, Julie Pierce.
The Karate Kid: A 2010 remake starring Jackie Chan and Jaden Smith.[23]
TV Series[edit]
Main article: The Karate Kid (TV series)
A short-lived animated series spin-off also called "The Karate Kid" aired on NBC in 1989.
Main article: Cobra Kai
On August 4, 2017, it was announced that a new half-hour dramedy TV series was in development to continue the Karate Kid franchise. The series, titled Cobra Kai, will reunite Ralph Macchio and William Zabka who reprise their roles as Daniel LaRusso and Johnny Lawrence respectively. The show was set 34 years after the original film, focusing on Johnny who is down on his luck and re-opens the Cobra Kai dojo on his search for redemption. This puts him at odds with Daniel, who, though successful, is trying to find balance in his life without Mr. Miyagi.
Josh Heald wrote the script with Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg while the latter duo directed most of the series, they also executive-produce alongside Macchio and Zabka. The series received an order of 10 episodes for the first season which debuted on YouTube Red in May 2, 2018.[24][25]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1980s portal
Martial arts portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE KARATE KID (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. July 2, 1984. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Straight to DVD: Original "Karate Kid" on Blu-ray. Salon.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid". Allmovie. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet. "The Karate Kid (1984)". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Karate Hid (DVD)|format= requires |url= (help). (closing credits)
Jump up ^ "Karate Kid Q&A W/Director John G Avildsen & Cast Part 1". YouTube. H Dellamorte. Event occurs at 11:47. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Daily Variety Magazine; November 04, 1983; Page 10
Jump up ^ Daily Variety Magazine; December 19, 1983; Page 3
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid". www.varesesarabande.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
Jump up ^ "50 Best High School Movies". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/karate_kid/
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1984). "The Karate Kid". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (June 22, 1984). "SCREEN 'KARATE KID,' BANE OF BULLIES". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Dana (June 10, 2010). "The Karate Kid". Slate.
Jump up ^ Powell, Larry; Garrett, Tom (20 December 2013). "The Films of John G. Avildsen: Rocky, The Karate Kid and Other Underdogs". McFarland. Retrieved 28 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ M.D, Lyle J. Micheli (17 November 2010). "Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine". SAGE Publications. Retrieved 28 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Christopher (June 6, 2010). "William Zabka-Directed Music Video, 'Sweep the Leg, Johnny'". Moviefone. AOL. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zabielski, Scott (2011-03-15), Board Breaker, Daniel Tosh, Chris Brown, Martin Kove, retrieved 2018-05-18
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (April 29, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother' recap, 'Bro Mitzvah': The REAL Karate Kid". ew.com. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid (1984) Action Figures have been Revived by Funko". Z.Love's Entertainment Blog. 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
Jump up ^ Thurber, Jon (2005-11-26). "Pat Morita, 73; Actor Starred in 'Karate Kid' Movie Series". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Jackie Chan set for 'Karate' remake - Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 4, 2017). "'Karate Kid' TV Sequel, Starring Ralph Macchio and William Zabka, a Go at YouTube Red". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (August 4, 2017). "Karate Kid sequel series reuniting Ralph Macchio, William Zabka". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Karate Kid
The Karate Kid on IMDb
The Karate Kid at Box Office Mojo
The Karate Kid at Rotten Tomatoes
hide
v
t
e
The Karate Kid
Films
The Karate Kid (1984)
The Karate Kid Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (2010)
Television series
The Karate Kid (1989)
Cobra Kai (2018)
Characters
Mr. Miyagi
Original songs
"You're the Best"
"Glory of Love"
"Never Say Never"
Other
Video game
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by John G. Avildsen
Turn on to Love (1969)
Guess What We Learned in School Today? (1970)
Joe (1970)
Cry Uncle! (1971)
Okay Bill (1972)
Save the Tiger (1973)
The Stoolie (1974)
Fore Play (1975)
W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings (1975)
Rocky (1976)
Slow Dancing in the Big City (1978)
The Formula (1980)
Neighbors (1981)
Traveling Hopefully (1982)
A Night in Heaven (1983)
The Karate Kid (1984)
The Karate Kid Part II (1986)
Happy New Year (1987)
For Keeps (1988)
Lean on Me (1989)
The Karate Kid Part III (1989)
Rocky V (1990)
The Power of One (1992)
8 Seconds (1994)
Inferno (1999)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Karate_Kid&oldid=846327781"
Categories:
1984 films
English-language films
1980s coming-of-age films
1980s martial arts films
1980s sports films
1980s teen drama films
Action drama films
American films
American coming-of-age films
American martial arts films
American teen drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Film scores
Film soundtracks
Films about bullying
Films about educators
Films directed by John G. Avildsen
Films scored by Bill Conti
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in New Jersey
Films set in the San Fernando Valley
Films set on beaches
Films shot in Arizona
Films shot in Los Angeles
The Karate Kid
Martial arts tournament films
Sports drama films
Varèse Sarabande soundtracks
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
19 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 01:09 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Karate_Kid_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Karate Kid (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Underdog_(competition)
mw-redirect
Underdog (competition)

values:
/wiki/Mako_Iwamatsu
mw-redirect
Mako Iwamatsu

values:
/wiki/Gheorge_Zamfir
mw-redirect
Gheorge Zamfir

values:
/wiki/Montage_sequence
mw-redirect
Montage sequence

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Golden_Globes
mw-redirect
Golden Globes

values:
/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards
mw-redirect
Young Artist Awards

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/YouTube_Red
mw-redirect
YouTube Red

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/karate-kid-9

values:
/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database
mw-redirect
Internet Movie Database

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmovie.com/work/26948

values:
/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
mw-redirect
Rovi Corporation

values:
/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times
mw-redirect
Chicago Sun Times

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1866021/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087538/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Films directed by John G. Avildsen

values: Category:Films set in the San Fernando Valley

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Karate_Kid
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: فتى الكاراتيه – Arabic

values: Карате кид – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: Karate Kid (pel·lícula de 1984) – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بچه کاراته‌کار – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Per vincere domani - The Karate Kid – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קראטה קיד – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ベスト・キッド – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Парень-каратист (фильм, 1984) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Karate Kid (vuoden 1984 elokuva) – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Karate Kid: Sanningens ögonblick – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: คิด คิด ต้องสู้ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Малюк-каратист – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Karate_Kid rootpage-The_Karate_Kid skin-vector action-view


text:
Just Don't Want to Be Lonely
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
Single by Ronnie Dyson
from the album One Man Band
B-side
"Point of No Return"
Released
August 1973
Format
7"
Genre
Rhythm and blues, soul
Length
3:11
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bobby Eli, John Freeman, Vinnie Barrett
Producer(s)
Thom Bell, Stan Vincent, Billy Jackson
Ronnie Dyson singles chronology
"One Man Band (Plays All Alone)"
(1973) "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
(1973) "We Can Make It Last Forever"
(1974)
"One Man Band (Plays All Alone)"
(1973) "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
(1973) "We Can Make It Last Forever"
(1974)
"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
Single by The Main Ingredient
from the album Euphrates River
B-side
"Goodbye My Love"
Released
January 1974
Genre
R&B
Label
RCA Victor
Songwriter(s)
Bobby Eli
John Freeman
Vinnie Barrett
"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" is a song written by Bobby Eli, John Freeman and Vinnie Barrett, originally recorded in 1973 by Ronnie Dyson[1] and popularized internationally by The Main Ingredient. Dyson's version reached No. 60 in the US Pop chart, No. 30 Adult Contemporary, and No. 29 in the US R&B chart.[2] Its flipside was "Point of No Return," a song written by Tom Bell & Linda Creed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
2 The Main Ingredient cover
2.1 Chart history
2.1.1 Weekly charts
2.1.2 Year-end charts
3 Other cover versions
4 References
Chart history[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 60
US Billboard Easy Listening 30
US Billboard Soul Singles 29
US Cash Box Top 100 70
The Main Ingredient cover[edit]
The Main Ingredient's version of the song released in 1974 on RCA Victor and reached No. 10 in the US, No. 8 in US R&B and No. 42 in US AC. It reached number seven in Canada. The recording was arranged by Bert de Coteaux.[4] It became a gold record.
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[5] 7
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 20
UK (OCC)[7] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[8] 10
US Billboard Easy Listening 42
US Billboard Soul Singles 8
US Cash Box Top 100[9] 8
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Canada [10] 111
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 36
US Cash Box [12] 55
Other cover versions[edit]
Freddie McGregor recorded the song in a reggae version and released in 1987. Consisted of Robbie Lyn on keyboards, synthesizer and drum programming and Dean Frazer on saxophone. Engineered by Errol Thompson and produced by Donovan Germain. McGregor's version reached #9 in the UK.[13]
In 1996, Filipino singer Regine Velasquez covered the song for her album Retro.
Other artists who covered this song include Horace Andy, The Blues Busters, Little John, Marcia Griffiths,[14] Sanchez and Blue Magic.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ronnie Dyson - Just Don't Want to Be Lonely". Discogs. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ronnie Dyson US albums chart history". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "The Main Ingredient - Just Don't Want to Be Lonely". Discogs. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Top Singles - Volume 21, No. 13, May 18 1974
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Just Don't Want to be Lonely". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Official Charts, 29 June 1974
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, May 11, 1974
Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974
Jump up ^ UK Official Charts, 20 June 1987
Jump up ^ "Marcia Griffiths - I Just Don't Want to Be Lonely". www.allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
[hide]
v
t
e
Ronnie Dyson
Studio albums
One Man Band
The More You Do It
Singles
"(If You Let Me Make Love to You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?"
"Just Don't Want to Be Lonely"
"All Over Your Face"
Cover Songs
"A Song for You"
"Girl Don't Come"
"Jive Talkin'"
"Love Won't Let Me Wait"
"Something"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Lonely&oldid=827337917"
Categories:
1973 songs
1973 singles
Songs written by Vinnie Barrett
Songs written by Bobby Eli
Ronnie Dyson songs
The Main Ingredient (band) songs
Blue Magic (band) songs
Columbia Records singles
RCA Victor singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart called without artist
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 24 February 2018, at 03:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Just Don't Want to Be Lonely - Ronnie Dyson.jpg

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: Just Don't Want to Be Lonely - The Main Ingredient.jpg

values:
/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Cash Box (magazine)

values:
/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company
mw-redirect
The Official Charts Company

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:67%;

values:
/wiki/Filipino_people
mw-redirect
Filipino people

values:
Ronnie_Dyson
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Songs written by Vinnie Barrett

values: Category:The Main Ingredient (band) songs

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Just_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Lonely
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Just_Don_t_Want_to_Be_Lonely rootpage-Just_Don_t_Want_to_Be_Lonely skin-vector action-view