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Animal Kingdom (TV series)
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This article is about the TV series. For other uses, see Animal Kingdom (disambiguation).
Animal Kingdom
Genre
Crime drama
Family drama
Serial drama
Based on
Animal Kingdom
by David Michôd
Developed by
Jonathan Lisco
Starring
Ellen Barkin
Scott Speedman
Shawn Hatosy
Ben Robson
Jake Weary
Finn Cole
Daniella Alonso
Molly Gordon
Carolina Guerra
Theme music composer
Atticus Ross & Claudia Sarne
Composer(s)
Alexis & Sam
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
36 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Liz Watts
David Michôd
Andrew Stearn
Jonathan Lisco
John Wells
Etan Frankel
Christopher Chulack
Producer(s)
Jinny Howe
Andrew Stearn
Eliza Clark
Terri Murphy
Llewellyn Wells
Production location(s)
Oceanside, California
Los Angeles, California
Cinematography
Danny Moder
Loren Yaconelli
Running time
47-54 minutes
Production company(s)
John Wells Productions
Warner Horizon Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
TNT
Original release
June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14) – present
External links
Website
Animal Kingdom is an American drama television series developed by Jonathan Lisco. It is based on the 2010 Australian film of the same name by David Michôd, who is executive producer for the series, alongside Liz Watts who also produced the movie. The series follows a 17-year-old boy, who, after the death of his mother, moves in with his estranged relatives, the Codys, a criminal family clan governed by matriarch Smurf. Ellen Barkin portrays the leading role of Janine "Smurf" Cody, played by Jacki Weaver in the 2010 film.
Animal Kingdom debuted on TNT on June 14, 2016, and was renewed for a second season on July 6, 2016, of thirteen episodes that premiered on May 30, 2017.[1] On July 27, 2017, TNT renewed the series for a third season that debuted on May 29, 2018.[2][3] On July 2, 2018, TNT renewed the series for a fourth season.[4]
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Ratings
4.3 Accolades
5 Broadcast
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Ellen Barkin as Janine "Smurf" Cody, the tough matriarch of the family and J's estranged grandmother. Smurf is protective of her family and presents a borderline-incestuous love towards them. All of her sons have different fathers.
Scott Speedman as Barry "Baz" Blackwell, Smurf's adopted son and leader in the Codys' robberies. Despite his quiet demeanor, he is manipulative and self-centered. (seasons 1–3)
Shawn Hatosy as Andrew "Pope" Cody, the oldest Cody son, who is mentally disturbed and considers suicide. He reappears after serving three years in Folsom State Prison and has an obsessive infatuation with Baz's girlfriend Catherine.
Ben Robson as Craig Cody, the middle Cody son, who has a predilection for drugs and extremely risky activities.
Jake Weary as Deran Cody, the youngest Cody son, a former competitive surfer who is gay and opens a bar as a legitimate side business.
Finn Cole as Joshua "J" Cody, Smurf's grandson who moves in with her and his uncles following the death of his mother, Julia, who was Pope's twin sister.
Daniella Alonso as Catherine Blackwell (season 1), Baz's girlfriend, and mother to their daughter, Lena.
Molly Gordon as Nicky Belmont (seasons 1–3), J's girlfriend who falls in with the Codys and their criminal lifestyle.
Carolina Guerra as Lucy (recurring, seasons 1 and 3 ; main, season 2), Baz's mistress from Mexico with whom he rekindles a romance after Catherine's disappearance. She is the head of a Mexican gang with her brother.
Recurring[edit]
Aamya Deva Keroles as Lena Blackwell, Baz and Catherine's daughter.
Spencer Treat Clark as Adrian, Deran's on-again/off-again boyfriend who runs a surfboard shop and is a competitive surfer.
C. Thomas Howell as Paul Belmont (season 1; guest, season 3), a United States Navy Lieutenant Commander at Camp Pendleton, and Nicky's father.[5]
Nicki Micheaux as Det. Sandra Yates (season 1), a sharp, focused detective trying to catch the Cody family.[6]
Dorian Missick as Patrick (seasons 1–2), a tough cop with a sweet spot for Catherine.[6]
Christina Ochoa as Renn Randall (seasons 1–3), Craig's drug dealer and on-again/off-again girlfriend.
Ellen Wroe as Alexa Anderson (season 1), J and Nicky's teacher, who works undercover with Detective Yates to try to take down the Codys.
Michael Bowen as Vin (season 1), a man previously incarcerated with Pope.
Jack Conley as Jake (season 1), a former member of Smurf's gang, and Craig's father.
Alex Meraz as Javier "Javi" Cano (season 2), a man from a dangerous gang that Smurf worked with while her own sons were too young to commit crimes.
Jennifer Landon as Amy (season 2; guest, season 3), an employee at a megachurch whom Pope meets and briefly dates.
Tembi Locke as Monica (season 2), a smart, low-key woman who is the technical brains of a criminal operation that the Codys rely on to fence their stolen goods.
Laura San Giacomo as Morgan Wilson (season 2–3), Smurf's lawyer.
Andy Favreau as Mark Liston (season 2), a powerful businessman who the Codys encounter at the church, and who has a fling with Deran.
Gil Birmingham as Pearce (season 2–present), an unflappable law enforcement officer with a dry sense of humor and more than 20 years on the job.[7]
Sohvi Rodriguez as Mia Benitez (season 3), a tough young woman raised in a gang who is very rough around the edges.[8]
Damon Williams as Clark Lincoln (season 3), a former motorcross rider and X Games participant who now works as an ER nurse and starts a fling with Deran.[8]
Denis Leary as Billy (season 3), Deran's drifter father who Smurf kicked out years ago.[9]
Dichen Lachman as Frankie (season 3), Billy's edgy, free-spirited and dangerous younger girlfriend.[7]
Episodes[edit]
Further information: List of Animal Kingdom episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14) August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)
2 13 May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
3 13 May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)
Production[edit]
TNT ordered the pilot of Animal Kingdom in May 2015,[10] with Barkin and Speedman the first to be cast in July 2015 as matriarch Smurf and her adopted son Baz, respectively.[11] In August, Cole and Weary were added as J and Deran,[12] with Hatosy and Robson soon cast as the remaining Cody brothers Pope and Craig.[13][14] Alonso was later announced as Baz's wife Catherine,[15] and Molly Gordon as J's girlfriend Nicky.[16]
The project was picked up to series with a 10-episode order in December 2015.[17] The show debuted on June 14, 2016,[18] and on July 6, 2016 TNT renewed it for a 13-episode second season.[19] On July 27 TNT announced it would be renewing Animal Kingdom for a third season, which premiered on May 29, 2018.[3] The season three premiere was aired after a game on TNT beginning 12:30/11:30 central the day before the premiere.[20] On July 2, 2018, TNT renewed the series for a fourth season.[4]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The first season of Animal Kingdom has received positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 74% based on 31 reviews. The consensus is: "Bolstered by Ellen Barkin's acting prowess, Animal Kingdom is a darkly intriguing, although occasionally predictable, twisted family drama."[21] On Metacritic, the series has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[22]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 Tuesday 9:00 pm 10 June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14) 1.31[23] August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09) 1.51[24] 1.27[25] 0.43[25]
2 13 May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) 1.19[26] August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29) 1.41[27] 1.17[28] 0.38[28]
3 13 May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) 1.61[29] August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21) 1.37[30] 1.31[31] 0.39[31]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 Saturn Awards Best Action-Thriller Television Series Animal Kingdom Nominated [32]
Broadcast[edit]
In Canada the show is broadcast on Bravo (Canada).[33]
Home media[edit]
The first season was released in DVD and Blu-ray formats on April 28, 2017. Each set contains behind-the-scenes featurettes and deleted scenes. The home media is distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Breaking News: TNT's Animal Kingdom Returns for Season 2 Tuesday, May 30". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 27, 2017). "'Animal Kingdom' and 'Angie Tribeca' renewed at TNT and TBS". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animal Kingdom renewed for season 3". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Otterson, Joe (July 2, 2018). "Claws, Animal Kingdom Renewed at TNT". Variety. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (April 5, 2016). "TNT's Animal Kingdom Casts C Thomas Howell in Recurring Role". The Wrap. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (April 25, 2016). "Animal Kingdom: Nicki Micheaux & Dorian Missick Cast As Recurring". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 8, 2018). "'Animal King': Gil Birmingham & Dichen Lachman Set To Recur In Season 3 Of TNT Series". Deadline Hollywood.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (February 13, 2018). "Animal Kingdom: Sohvi Rodriguez & Damon Williams Set To Recur On Season 3". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 27, 2018). "Animal Kingdom: Denis Leary To Recur In Season 3 Of TNT Drama Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Turner press release (May 13, 2015). "Kevin Reilly Unveils Bold Vision for TNT & TBS At Turner Broadcasting's 2015 Upfront". The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 29, 2015). "Ellen Barkin & Scott Speedman To Star In John Wells' TNT Pilot Animal Kingdom". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 4, 2015). "Finn Cole & Jake Weary Join TNT Drama Pilot Animal Kingdom". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2015). "Shawn Hatosy Joins TNT Drama Pilot Animal Kingdom". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (August 20, 2015). "Ben Robson Leads Life Of Crime In TNT Pilot Animal Kingdom". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 24, 2015). "Daniella Alonso Joins Animal Kingdom Pilot; Emma Greenwell In The Way". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 25, 2015). "Molly Gordon Rounds Out Animal Kingdom Cast; Orange Is The New Black Adds 3 Recurring". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TNT Greenlights Original Drama Series Good Behavior and Animal Kingdom". The Futon Critic. December 10, 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Slezak, Michael (March 24, 2016). "Animal Kingdom — TNT Drama Premiere Date and Trailer". TVLine. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (July 6, 2016). "TNT's Animal Kingdom, TBS Comedies Angie Tribeca and Wrecked Renewed". Variety. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV Listings- Find Local TV Listings and Watch Full Episodes - Zap2it.com". tvlistings.zap2it.com.
Jump up ^ "Animal Kingdom: Season 1 (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Animal Kingdom: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 15, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.14.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.9.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animal Kingdom: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 10, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 1, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.30.2017". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 30, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animal Kingdom: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 30, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 30, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.28.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 22, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animal Kingdom: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 15, 2018). "'Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "bravo.ca - All Shows". www.bravo.ca.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (January 26, 2017). "Animal Kingdom - Official Warner Press Release for 'The Complete 1st Season' on DVD, Blu-ray". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Animal Kingdom on IMDb
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San Joaquin Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
San Joaquin Valley
San Joaquin Valley
A map of the counties encompassing the San Joaquin Valley ecoregion
Location
California, United States
Geography
Bounded by
Sierra Nevada (east), Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (north), Coast Range, San Francisco Bay (west), Tehachapi Mountains (south)
Coordinates
36°37′44″N 120°11′06″W / 36.62889°N 120.18500°W / 36.62889; -120.18500Coordinates: 36°37′44″N 120°11′06″W / 36.62889°N 120.18500°W / 36.62889; -120.18500
Population centers
Stockton, Porterville, Modesto, Turlock, Merced, Fresno, Visalia, Bakersfield, Clovis
Traversed by
Interstate 5, State Route 99
Watercourses
San Joaquin River
The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, showing the extent of the valley.
The San Joaquin Valley /ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River. It comprises seven Northern California counties—all of Kings County; a majority of Fresno, Merced, Stanislaus counties; segments of Madera and Tulare counties—and a majority of Kern County, in Southern California.[1] Although a majority of the valley is rural, it does contain cities such as Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto, Turlock, Porterville, Visalia, Merced, and Hanford.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Geological history
1.2 Climate
2 Population
3 Economy
3.1 Agriculture
3.2 Petroleum
3.3 Culture
3.4 Other major industries and employers
3.5 Poverty
3.6 Ethnic and cultural groups
3.6.1 Mexicans/Chicanos
3.6.2 European and Asian groups
3.6.3 African Americans
3.6.4 Okies and Arkies
3.7 Recent changes
4 Educational institutions
5 Transportation
5.1 Roads
5.2 Rail
6 Pollution
6.1 Air Pollution
6.2 Water Pollution
6.3 Nitrates in Groundwater
6.3.1 High-intensity crop production
6.3.2 Large dairy herds
6.3.3 Possible solutions and alternatives
6.3.4 Incidents of Nitrates in Groundwater
7 Medical interest
8 Cities and counties
8.1 Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants
8.2 Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants
8.3 Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants
8.4 Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants
9 In popular culture
10 See also
11 External links
12 References
Geography[edit]
The San Joaquin Valley extends from the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in the north to the Tehachapi Mountains in the south, and from the various California coastal ranges (from the Diablo Range in the north to the Temblor Range in the south) in the west to the Sierra Nevada in the east. Unlike the Sacramento Valley, the river system for which the San Joaquin Valley is named does not extend very far along the valley. Most of the valley south of Fresno, instead, drains into Tulare Lake, which no longer exists continuously due to diversion of its sources. The valley's primary river is the San Joaquin, which drains north through about half of the valley into the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. The Kings and Kern Rivers are in the southern endorheic basin of the valley, all of which have been largely diverted for agricultural uses and are mostly dry in their lower reaches.
Geological history[edit]
The San Joaquin Valley began to form about 66 million years ago during the early Paleocene era. Broad fluctuations in the sea level caused various areas of the valley to be flooded with ocean water for the next 60 million years. About 5 million years ago, the marine outlets began to close due to uplift of the coastal ranges and the deposition of sediment in the valley. Starting 2 million years ago, a series of glacial episodes periodically caused much of the valley to become a fresh water lake. Lake Corcoran was the last widespread lake to fill the valley about 700,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Holocene there were three major lakes remaining in the southern part of the Valley, Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake and Kern Lake. In the late 19th and in the 20th century, agricultural diversion of the Kern River eventually dried out these lakes. Today, only a fragment of Buena Vista Lake remains as two small lakes Lake Webb and Lake Evans in a portion of the former Buena Vista Lakebed
Climate[edit]
See also: Climate change in California § Drought
The San Joaquin Valley has hot, dry summers and has historically enjoyed cool rainy winters characterized by dense tule fog. Its rainy season normally runs from November through April, but since 2011 when a drought became evident it generally received minimal to no rain at all. The drought was still extant by mid-August 2014 with scientists saying it would likely continue indefinitely, for anywhere from several years to several decades to come.[2] However, as of February 2017 the drought is mostly over for a majority of the Valley.[3]
In August 2015, the Director of the California Department of Water Resources stated, "Because of increased pumping, groundwater levels are reaching record lows—up to 100 feet lower than previous records."[4] Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as 8 inches (0.20 m) in a four-month period, and land near Corcoran sank 13 inches (0.33 m) in 8 months. The sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts, roads, bridges, and flood-control structures. In the long term, the subsidence caused by extracting groundwater could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifer's water storage capacity.[4][5]
The National Weather Service Forecast Office for the San Joaquin Valley is located in Hanford and includes a Doppler weather radar. Weather forecasts and climatological information for the San Joaquin Valley are available from its official website.[6]
Population[edit]
The total population of the eight counties comprising the San Joaquin Valley at the time of the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates by United States Census Bureau reported a population of 4,080,509.[7] The racial composition of San Joaquin Valley was 2,775,074 (68.0%) White, 193,694 (4.7%) Black or African American, 40,911 (1.0%) American Indian and Alaska Native, 310, 557 (7.6%) Asian, 13,000 (0.32%) Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 2,048,280 (50.2%) Hispanic or Latino.[7]
The educational attainment of high school graduate or higher is 72.7%.[7]
Economy[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
By some estimates, federal restrictions on shallow well irrigation systems threaten the productivity of the San Joaquin Valley, which produces the majority of the 12.8% of the United States' agricultural production (as measured by dollar value) that comes from California.[8] Grapes—table, raisin, and to a lesser extent wine—are perhaps the valley's highest-profile product, but equally (if not more) important are cotton, nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), citrus, and vegetables. Though it has been called "The food basket of the World", the San Joaquin Valley has not been nationally recognized for the diversity of its produce. Walnuts, oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success. DeRuosi Nut, a large walnut processing plant in Escalon, has been in the valley since 1947.[citation needed] Certain places are identified quite strongly with a given crop: Stockton produces the majority of the domestic asparagus consumed in the United States, and Fresno is the largest producer of raisins.
In spite of its agricultural productivity, the San Joaquin Valley has the state's highest rate of food insecurity.[9]
Cattle and sheep ranching are also vitally important to the valley's economy. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Miller & Lux corporation built an agricultural monopoly centered around cattle. The corporation can be characterized as a precursor to corporate farming transforming the yeoman farmer into wage workers. The success of the business can be attributed to his direct management style which is reflected in his detailed correspondences to his subordinates.[10] During recent years, dairy farming has greatly expanded in importance. As areas such as Chino and Corona have become absorbed into the suburban sprawl of Los Angeles, many dairy farmers have cashed out and moved their herds to Kings, Tulare, and Kern counties.
Between 1990 and 2004, 28,092 hectares (70,231 acres) of agricultural land was lost to urban development in the San Joaquin Valley.[11] Although there have been some token efforts at confronting the problems of (sub)urban sprawl, the politically Conservative climate of the Valley generally prefers traditional suburban sprawl type of growth such as low density housing and strip malls anchored by so-called big box stores and opposes measures such as "Smart Growth", "Transit Oriented Development", "High Density Housing", and increased public transit such as light and commuter rail. By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley. Farmers began using complex irrigation systems and using treated waste water to feed crops, while many were switching from farming cotton to other commodities, chief among them, almonds.[2]
Petroleum[edit]
California has long been one of the nation's most important oil-producing states, and the San Joaquin Valley has long since eclipsed the Los Angeles Basin as the state's primary oil production region. Scattered oil wells on small oil fields are found throughout the region, and several enormous extraction facilities – most notably near Lost Hills and Taft, including the enormous Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the third-largest oil field in the United States – are veritable forests of pumps.
Shell operated a major refinery in Bakersfield; it was sold in 2005 to Flying J, a Salt Lake-based firm that operates truck stops and refineries. Flying J's bankruptcy in 2009 resulted in the refinery being shut down.[12]
The oil and gas fields in Kern County are receiving increased attention since the July 2009 announcement by Occidental Petroleum of significant discovery of oil and gas reserves[13] Even prior to this discovery the region retains more oil reserves than any other part of California. Of California fields outside of the San Joaquin Valley, only the Wilmington Oil Field in Los Angeles County has untapped reserves greater than 100,000,000 barrels (16,000,000 m3), while six fields in the San Joaquin Valley (Midway-Sunset, Kern River, South Belridge, Elk Hills, Cymric, and Lost Hills) each have reserves exceeding 100,000,000 barrels (16,000,000 m3) of oil.[14]
Culture[edit]
The San Joaquin Valley has been a major influence in American country, soul, nu metal, R&B, and hip hop music particularly through the Bakersfield Sound, the Doowop Era, and the Bakersfield Rap Scene, also referred to as Central California Hip Hop, Central Valley Hip Hop, or Central California Rap, which are all subgenres of Gangsta rap, Bass-Rap, West Coast G-funk, and West Coast Hip hop which are all different styles of West Coast Rap.[15] The Valley has been the home to many country, nu metal, and doo-wop musicians and singers, such as Buck Owens, Merle Haggard, Billy Mize, Korn, Red Simpson, Dennis Payne, The Maddox Brothers and Rose, The Paradons, The Colts, and the Sons of the San Joaquin.[16] The San Joaquin Valley is also home to many Indie Hip Hop labels, R&B singers, Jazz & Funk musicians, and Hip Hop artist such as: Fashawn, Killa Tay, The Def Dames, Cali Agents, Planet Asia.[17] The Valley also has a strong literary tradition, heavy in poetry, producing many famous poets such as Sherley Anne Williams, and Gary Soto, current U.S. Poet Laureate Juan Felipe Herrera, and David St. John.[18] An MFA Creative Writing program started by former US Poet Laureate Philip Levine, resides at Fresno State, continuing to cultivate the region's literary talent.
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Other major industries and employers[edit]
The isolation and vastness of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as its poverty and need for jobs, have led the state to build numerous prisons in the area. The most notable of these is Corcoran, whose inmates include Charles Manson and Juan Corona. Other correctional facilities in the valley are at Avenal, Chowchilla, Tracy, Delano, Coalinga, and Wasco.
The only significant military base in the region is Naval Air Station Lemoore, a vast air base located 25 kilometres (16 mi) WSW of Hanford. Unlike many of California's other military installations, NAS Lemoore's operational importance has increased in the 1990s and 2000s. The other, Castle Air Force Base, located near Atwater was closed during the Base Realignment and Closure of the 1990s. Although both are in Kern County, Edwards Air Force Base and China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station are located in the High Desert area of that county.
Poverty[edit]
The United States Census Bureau issued a report entitled the American Community Survey in 2007, which found that six San Joaquin Valley counties had the highest percentage of residents living below the federal poverty line in 2006 of any counties in California. The report also revealed that the same six counties were among the 52 counties with the highest poverty rate in the United States.[19] The median income for a household in the valley was $46,713.[7] The poverty rate for individuals below the poverty level is 23.7%.[7] In most Valley cities crime rates such as burglary, theft, and assault tend to be significantly higher than the national averages.[citation needed]
Ethnic and cultural groups[edit]
Mexicans/Chicanos[edit]
César Chávez at a United Farmworkers rally, 1974
While the barrios of East Los Angeles are California's most famous areas dominated by persons of Mexican ancestry, both first-generation Mexican immigrants and well-established Chicanos are important populations in the San Joaquin Valley. Since not long after the onset of the bracero program during World War II, all but a minor percentage of the farmworkers in the region have been of Mexican ancestry. Ethnic and economic friction between Mexican-Americans and the valley's predominantly white farming elite manifested itself most notably during the 1960s and 1970s, when the United Farm Workers, led by César Chávez, went on numerous strikes and called for boycotts of table grapes. The UFW generated enormous sympathy throughout the United States, even managing to terminate several agricultural mechanization projects at the United States Department of Agriculture. However, from the 1970s onward, landlords and large corporations have also hired undocumented immigrants, because of the ability to work long hours for low pay due to no income tax on undocumented salaries.
European and Asian groups[edit]
The San Joaquin Valley has—by California standards—an unusually large number of European, Middle Eastern, and Asian ethnicities in the heritage of its citizens. These communities are often quite large and, relative to Americans immigration patterns, quite eclectic: for example, there are more Azorean Portuguese in the San Joaquin Valley than in the Azores. Many groups are found in majorities in specific cities, and hardly anywhere else in the region. For example, Assyrians are concentrated in Turlock, Dutch in Ripon, Sikhs in Stockton and Livingston, and Croats[20] in Delano. Kingsburg is famous for its distinctly Swedish air, having been founded by immigrants from that country. Ethnic groups found in a broader area are Portuguese, Armenians, Basques, and the "Okies" who migrated to California from the Midwest and South. Since the early 1970s East Indians of predominantly Punjabi, Gujrati and Southern India have settled in the valley communities. Most recently large numbers of Pakistanis have settled in Modesto and Lodi. In addition, the late 1970s and 80s saw an influx of immigrants from Indochina following the War in Vietnam. These immigrants, the majority of whom are Hmong, Thai, Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese, have settled in the communities of Stockton, Modesto, Merced, and Fresno.
The Filipino American population is concentrated in Delano and Lathrop. Filipinos have a strong history in Stockton. Filipino organizations in Stockton are reflected in various commercial buildings identified as Filipino. Filipinos fought for the U.S. against Japan in WWII, in exchange for favorable immigration status. Stockton has been an adjunct to the San Francisco Bay Area, which was a major military production and transit area during WWII. Filipino emigration to Stockton followed.
These cultures are often the result of established ethnic communities and groups of immigrants coming to the United States at once. This is in part due to the founding of religious communes in the San Joaquin Valley: for example, the first permanent Sikh Gurdwara was founded in Stockton in 1915. These cultures are very different and unique.
African Americans[edit]
Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park marks the location of the only California town to be founded, financed and governed by African Americans. The small farming community was founded in 1908 by Lt. Colonel Allen Allensworth, Professor William Payne, William Peck, a minister, John W. Palmer, a miner, and Harry A. Mitchell, a real estate agent, dedicated to improving the economic and social status of African Americans. Uncontrollable circumstances, including a drop in the area's water table, resulted in the town's demise. The "Allensworth Historic District" is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is in Allensworth, California, an unincorporated area in Tulare County, California, United States.
Okies and Arkies[edit]
The Depression-era migrants to the San Joaquin Valley from the South and Midwest are one of the more well-known groups in the Central Valley, in large part due to the popularity of John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath and the Henry Fonda movie made from it. By 1910, agriculture in the southern Great Plains had become nearly unviable due to soil erosion and poor rainfall. Much of the rural population of states such as Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas left at this time, selling their land and moving to Chicago, Kansas City, Detroit, and fast-growing Los Angeles. Those who remained experienced continuing deterioration of conditions, which reached their nadir during the drought that began in the late 1920s and created the infamous Dust Bowl. (Small cotton farmers in states such as Mississippi and Alabama suffered similar problems from the first major infestation of the boll weevil.) When the onset of the Great Depression created a national banking crisis, family farmers—usually heavily in debt—often had their mortgages foreclosed by banks desperate to shore up their balance sheets. In response, many farmers loaded their families and portable possessions into their automobiles and drove west.
Taking Route 66 to Barstow or Los Angeles and crossing the Tehachapi or Tejon passes, they began new lives as fruit and vegetable pickers on truck farms in the San Joaquin Valley. Having gone from the relative independence of homesteading to a condition that was essentially peasantry, many of them lived in squalid agricultural camps and were deeply unhappy with their economic plight; domestic disputes, crime, and suicide were rampant, and occasional riots broke out. New Deal measures alleviated some of these problems, albeit belatedly: by the time that The Grapes of Wrath drew public attention to the Okies' plight, many of them had already left the valley. Those who didn't were gradually assimilated into California culture and society where many of them and their descendants became noted artists, tradesmen, educators, legislators and professional business people, and their influence remains strong in many parts of the Valley today, especially in the south near Bakersfield.
Many of the Okies and Arkies left the San Joaquin Valley during World War II, most of them going to Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Diego to work in war related industries. Many of those who stayed ended up in Bakersfield and Oildale, as the southern San Joaquin Valley became an important area of oil production after major Southern California oil fields such as Signal Hill began to dry up. Their influence remains strong: Bakersfield resembles a West Texas town such as Odessa or Lubbock far more than it resembles most other places in California. Country music legends Buck Owens and Merle Haggard came out of Bakersfield's honky-tonk scene and created a hard-driving sound that is still deeply associated with the city.
Recent changes[edit]
The California real estate boom that began in the late 1990s has significantly changed the San Joaquin Valley. Once distinctly and fiercely independent of Los Angeles and San Francisco, the area has seen increasing exurban development as the cost of living forces young families and small businesses further and further away from the coastal urban cores. Stockton, Modesto, Tracy, Manteca, and Los Banos are increasingly dominated by commuters to San Francisco and Silicon Valley, and the small farming towns to the south are finding themselves in the Bay Area's orbit as well. Bakersfield, traditionally a boom-bust oil town once described by urban scholar Joel Kotkin as an "American Abu Dhabi," has seen a massive influx of former Los Angeles business owners and commuters, to the extent that gated communities containing million-dollar homes are going up on the city's outskirts. Wal-Mart, IKEA, Target, Amazon, CVS Pharmacy, Restoration Hardware, and other various large shipping firms have built huge distribution centers both in the southern end of the valley and northern part of the valley because of quick access to major interstates and low local wages. Further integration with the rest of the state is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
See: Mountain House (new town planned for 45,000).
Educational institutions[edit]
San Joaquin Valley "Biblioteca Ambulante" (Traveling Library) in 1972
University of California, Merced, Merced
California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield
California State University, Fresno, Fresno
California State University, Stanislaus, Turlock
Fresno Pacific University, Fresno
Humphreys College, Stockton
University of the Pacific, Stockton
Bakersfield College, Bakersfield
Cerro Coso Community College, Kern County and surrounding areas
College of the Sequoias, Visalia
Fresno City College, Fresno
Merced College, Merced
Modesto Junior College, Modesto
Porterville College, Porterville
Reedley College, Reedley
A.T. Still University, Porterville
San Joaquin College of Law, Clovis
San Joaquin Delta College, Stockton
Taft College, Taft
West Hills College Coalinga, Coalinga
West Hills College Lemoore, Lemoore
Transportation[edit]
Roads[edit]
Interstate 5 (I-5) and State Route 99 (SR 99, or just "99") each run along for almost the entire length of the San Joaquin Valley. I-5 runs in the western part of the valley, bypassing the major population centers (including Fresno, currently the largest U.S. city without an Interstate highway), while 99 runs through them. Both highways then merge at the southern end of valley en route to Los Angeles. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build I-5 as an entirely then-new freeway bypass instead of upgrading the then-existing U.S. 99. Since then, state and federal representatives have pushed to convert 99 to an Interstate, although this cannot occur until all of the portions of 99 between I-5 and the U.S. 50 junction in Sacramento are upgraded to freeway standards.
State Route 58 (SR 58), which is a freeway in Bakersfield and along most of its route until its terminus in Barstow, is an extremely important and very heavily traveled route for truckers from the valley and the Bay Area who want to cross the Sierra Nevada and leave California (by way of Interstate 15 or Interstate 40) without having to climb Donner Pass or brave the traffic congestion of Los Angeles. Proposals have also been made to designate this highway as a western extension of I-40 once the entirety of the route between Mojave and Barstow has been upgraded to a freeway. This would provide an Interstate connection for Bakersfield, currently the second-largest U.S. city without an Interstate. The most recent additions to this system are State Highway 168 and 180. Route 168 begins at Fresno on Route 180 linking to Huntington Lake in the mountains through Clovis and many smaller communities. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System[2] and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System[3]. State Route 180 is a state highway in California, United States, which runs through the heart of the San Joaquin Valley from Mendota through Fresno to Kings Canyon National Park. A short piece near the eastern end, through the Grant Grove section of Kings Canyon National Park, is not state-maintained. The part east of unbuilt State Route 65 near Minkler is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System; the road east of Dunlap is the Kings Canyon Scenic Byway, a Forest Service Byway.
Other important highways in the valley include State Route 46 (SR 46) and State Route 41 (SR 41), which respectively link the California Central Coast with Bakersfield and Fresno; State Route 33, which runs south to north along the valley's western rim and provides a connection to Ventura and Santa Barbara over the Santa Ynez Mountains; and State Route 152 (SR 152), an important commuter route linking Silicon Valley with its fast-growing exurbs such as Los Banos.
Rail[edit]
Amtrak provides rail service through the San Joaquin Valley. There are also plans for a high-speed rail line that will link the valley with San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, and San Diego. While many valley politicians and businesses are eager supporters of the line, eager to provide better connections to the larger and wealthier cities to the north and south, factions in cities such as Modesto and Stockton have opposed the line due to adverse impacts such as increased noise.[citation needed] Even if the project were to be approved, construction would probably not begin until 2013 at the earliest.[citation needed]
Pollution[edit]
Air Pollution[edit]
Hemmed in by mountains and rarely having strong winds to disperse smog, the San Joaquin Valley has long suffered from some of the United States' worst air pollution. This pollution, exacerbated by stagnant weather, comes mainly from diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles and agricultural operations. Population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with Los Angeles and Houston in most measures of air pollution.[21] Only the Inland Empire region east of Los Angeles has worse overall air quality, and the San Joaquin Valley led the nation in 2004 in the number of days with quantities of ozone considered unhealthy by the Environmental Protection Agency.[21] Although industrial activity, as well as driving, occurs year-round, the air pollution is worse in the winter. San Joaquin County has better air quality than any other region in the San Joaquin Valley, while the Sacramento region and Stanislaus County have the worst.[citation needed]
PM 2.5 Pollution Over Time
Water Pollution[edit]
Less water is due to Federal restrictions on shallow water irrigation which results in concentrated Water pollution. Air pollution is not properly diluted with adequate water supply. Lack of adequate irrigation presents another significant challenge to food production capability in the valley. Because of federal restrictions on irrigation, soil salination is no longer diluted with adequate moisture in fertile areas. Reduced irrigation has significantly reduced the viability of some of the valley's most fertile tracts, especially those in the Tulare lake bed.
Nitrates in Groundwater[edit]
San Joaquin Valley, within the Central Valley of California, is made up of eight counties that are well known for agriculture.[22] Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigated agriculture is common, and according to Thomas Harter, the Chair for Water Resources Management and Policy at UC Davis, “more than 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year may leach into groundwater beneath irrigated lands, usually as nitrates”.[23] Between the 1950s and 1980s, when nitrogen fertilizer use grew sixfold, nitrate concentrations in groundwater increased 2.5 times.[24] Fertilizer runoffs contributes roughly 90% of all nitrate inputs to the alluvial groundwater system. Within agriculture, the two major factors are High-Intensity Crop Production and Large Dairy Herds. [25] Because these communities are cut off from larger water distribution, they are dependent on wells,[26] making groundwater a source of drinking water for 90% of San Joaquin Valley's residents.[27]
High-intensity crop production[edit]
Within the past century, farmers have been increasing their production to meet the high demand that a developed country requires. To help increase output and efficiency, farmers have been increasing the amount of fertilizers used, which means increasing the level of nitrates being used. However, only a fraction of the nitrogen in fertilizers is efficiently used to help produce crops. This has led to a greater concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the waters, contaminating and causing eutrophication of possible drinking water.[28]
Large dairy herds[edit]
Roaming dairy herds before the exponential demand of meat products and dairy has contributed an insignificant amount of nitrate pollution to the underlying groundwater systems. However, within the past few decades, the increasing amount of cattle has been one of the main contributors of nitrate contamination in the groundwater systems of California.[29] Roughly around 1960, cattle were openly grazing pastures, and because of the large amount of lands which they roamed manure was not intensively managed.[30] However, even though manure was not closely managed, "Nitrogen excretion and deposition in pastures likely did not exceed pasture buffering capacity and had no significant leaching to groundwater"[31] It was not until the mid 1970s when the transition to dry-lot and free stall-based dairy farming, coupled with irrigated forage crops, that dairy herds were a contributor to nitrogen contamination.
Possible solutions and alternatives[edit]
The large dairy herds create manure, which is used to create the fertilizers that is applied to the crop fields. Because of the exponential demand for crops, farmers have been looking to lower the costs of production. Using manure based fertilizers is cost effective since manure is a by-product of large dairy farms and herds. The alternative to manure, which contains a high level of nitrates, is composting. Composting however is relatively expensive compared to using manure as fertilizer, since it is not as effective and is more timely/costly to make because of the large amount of aeration needed.[32]
Incidents of Nitrates in Groundwater[edit]
Nitrates have found their way into the aquifers around the San Joaquin Valley, affecting over 250,000 people in communities that are poor and rural.[26] In 2006, the State Water Resources Board took samples from domestic wells in Tulare County; they found that 40% of 181 domestic wells had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L legal limit.[33] Though locals have typically used filters for their water, the filters need to be installed correctly and replaced frequently, which may not be economically feasible for the residents in Orosi.[34] Table 2 on page 20 from Pacific Institute's "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley" indicates the water systems that were contaminated with nitrates over the legal limit, the percentage of the population affected that are non-white and that are below or near poverty-level, and the year since the violations began.[33]
Water Quality in Public Supply Wells of Turlock in 2006
The Turlock Basin is a sub-basin of the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin found within Stanislaus County and Merced County in the Central Valley.[35] In California's Groundwater Bulletin 118, a chart, linked below, illustrates the number of non-compliant public supply wells with nitrates over the MCL. According to this chart, there were eight wells which had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L MCL, out of 90 sampled for nitrates in 2006.[35]
Nitrates are of concern because it interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, and can have severe health effects on pregnant women, infants under 6 months, and children using tap water for their formula.[36] Because nitrates interfere with blood's capacity to carry oxygen, infants are at high risk of death from blue-baby syndrome, which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated.[36]
Medical interest[edit]
San Joaquin Valley Fever is one common term for coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis through the inhalation of airborne dust or dirt. The valley is just one of the areas in the southwestern United States where the illness is endemic due to C. immitis residing in the soil.
Cities and counties[edit]
Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants[edit]
Fresno
Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants[edit]
Bakersfield
Clovis
Modesto
Stockton
Visalia
Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants[edit]
Atwater
Ceres
Corcoran
Delano
Dinuba
East Bakersfield
Hanford
Lemoore
Lodi
Los Banos
Madera
Manteca
Merced
Oakdale
Patterson
Porterville
Reedley
Sanger
Selma
Shafter
Tracy
Tulare
Turlock
Wasco
Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants[edit]
Arvin
Avenal
Badger
Caruthers
Chowchilla
Coalinga
Dos Palos
Earlimart
East Porterville
Exeter
Farmersville
Firebaugh
Grayson
Gustine
Hilmar
Hughson
Ivanhoe
Kerman
Kettleman City
Kingsburg
Lamont
Lathrop
Laton
Lemon Cove
Lindsay
Livingston
Lost Hills
McFarland
Mendota
Newman
Orange Cove
Parlier
Pixley
Seville
Stevinson
Strathmore
Taft
Three Rivers
Waterford
Westley
Woodlake
Yettem
In popular culture[edit]
The operations of the fictional Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club in the hit FX television show Sons of Anarchy, are centered in San Joaquin Valley, often referred to as "Sanwa".
The surviving stronghold of civilization on the West Coast in popular Science-Fiction book Lucifer's Hammer.[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
California portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Joaquin Valley.
Groundwater-related subsidence
John Buttencourt Avila, "father of the sweet potato industry."
List of California rivers
San Joaquin (soil)
Water in California
External links[edit]
Land of Risk/Land of Opportunity, UC Davis, November 2011
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "San Joaquin Valley Fact Sheet". Valley Clean Air Now. Retrieved October 18, 2014. Seven counties comprise the San Joaquin Valley, including all of Kings County, most of Fresno, Kern, Merced, and Stanislaus counties, and portions of Madera, San Luis Obispo, Tulare counties
^ Jump up to: a b "California drought will affect the global agriculture industry". Los Angeles News.Net. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-drought-gone-20170223-story.html
^ Jump up to: a b "NASA Report: Drought Causing Valley Land to Sink" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. August 19, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
Jump up ^ "NASA: California Drought Causing Valley Land to Sink". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. August 19, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
Jump up ^ "San Joaquin Valley/Hanford, CA". National Weather Service Forecast Office. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ 2007 Overview - Agricultural Statistical Review - California Agricultural Resource Directory 2008–2009
Jump up ^ "How We Survive: Sprouting Up in Empty Breadbaskets". National Radio Project: Making Contact. Season 12. Episode 45. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
Jump up ^ Henry Miller Papers Collection, "Correspondance to Superintendant Turner," 18 July 1912, Special Collections, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno
Jump up ^ Paving Paradise: A New Perspective on California's Farmland Conversion, American Farmland Trust, November 2007
Jump up ^ "Big West to Suspend Operations at its Refinery on Rosedale Highway". KGET News. January 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Occidental Announces Major Oil and Gas Discovery in Kern County". California Energy News. July 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ 2006 California Department of Conservation, 2006 Oil and Gas Statistics, p. 4
Jump up ^ Central California Hip Hop sites.google.com 04-05-2015 Retrieved. 04-05-2015
Jump up ^ “The Colts” by (JIM DAWSON) www.electricearl.com 14-05-2015 Retrieved. 14-05-2015
Jump up ^ The Def Dames- Billboard Hot 100 Carts www.billboard.com 14-05-2015 Retrieved. 14-05-2015
Jump up ^ Sherley Ann Williams – Poetry Soup www.poetrysoup.com 14-05-2015 Retrieved. 14-05-2015
Jump up ^ Fresno Bee, August 29, 2007
Jump up ^ On rich soil: Kern County families provide grapes aplent, The Bakersfield Californian, By Jeff Nickell, Saturday, Jun 30, 2012 12:00 AM
"...Marin Caratan than he was the first Croatian to come to the area to grow grapes...said Mark Zaninovich ..., but it is also fair to mention the Carics, Jakoviches, Radoviches, Bozaniches, Buskas, Sousas, Kovacaviches, Bidarts, Sandrinis, and Paviches."
^ Jump up to: a b Bustillo, Miguel (November 14, 2008) L.A.'s the Capital of Dirty Air Again Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ Pacific Institute (Mar 2011). "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute.
Jump up ^ Harter, Thomas (2009). "Agricultural Impacts on Groundwater Nitrate" (PDF). Southwest Hydrology. 8: 22–23.
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Shock: The Polluting of the World's Major Freshwater Stores | Worldwatch Institute". www.worldwatch.org (in cust-en). Retrieved 2017-03-05. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ AFP. "Nitrates poison water in California's Central Valley". DailyMail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b AFP (September 19, 2016). "Nitrates Poison Water in California's Central Valley". Community Water Center.
Jump up ^ Community Water Center (Dec 2013). "Water & Health in the Valley: Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water and the Health of San Joaquin Valley Residents" (PDF). Community Water Center.
Jump up ^ Burow, Karen. "Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley, California, USA, 1950s–2000s" (PDF). Ca Water Usgs. 3. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Eli. "Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute. Pacific Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Burow, Karen. "Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley, California, USA, 1950s–2000s" (PDF). Ca Water Usgs. 3. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Pacific Institute (Mar 2011). "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute.
Jump up ^ Gamroth, Mike. "Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals" (PDF). Oregon State University. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pacific Institute (Mar 2011). "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Gerald (Nov 14, 2006). "Tulare County Private Wells Test High for Nitrates" (PDF). Visalia Times-Delta.
^ Jump up to: a b water.ca.gov (April 11, 2017). "California's Groundwater Bulletin 118" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Nitrates and Nitrites" (PDF). EPA. 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
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Production planning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Role of Production Planning in the Production Cycle.
Production planning is the planning of production and manufacturing modules in a company or industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of employees, materials and production capacity, in order to serve different customers.[1]
Different types of production methods, such as single item manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous production etc. have their own type of production planning. Production planning can be combined with production control into production planning and control, or it can be combined and or integrated into enterprise resource planning.
Production planning is used in companies in several different industries, including agriculture, industry, amusement industry, etc.....
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Topics
3.1 Types of planning
3.2 Production control
4 See also
5 References
Overview[edit]
Production planning is a plan for the future production, in which the facilities needed are determined and arranged.[2] A production plan is made periodically for a specific time period, called the planning horizon. It can comprise the following activities:
Determination of the required product mix and factory load to satisfy customers needs.[3]
Matching the required level of production to the existing resources.[4]
Scheduling and choosing the actual work to be started in the manufacturing facility"[1]
Setting up and delivering production orders to production facilities.[5]
In order to develop production plans, the production planner or production planning department needs to work closely together with the marketing department and sales department. They can provide sales forecasts, or a listing of customer orders."[6] The "work is usually selected from a variety of product types which may require different resources and serve different customers. Therefore, the selection must optimize customer-independent performance measures such as cycle time and customer-dependent performance measures such as on-time delivery."[1]
A critical factor in production planning is "the accurate estimation of the productive capacity of available resources, yet this is one of the most difficult tasks to perform well".[7] Production planning should always take "into account material availability, resource availability and knowledge of future demand".[5]
History[edit]
Planning department bulletin board, 1911.
Modern production planning methods and tools have been developed since late 19th century. Under Scientific Management, the work for each man or each machine is mapped out in advance (see image). The origin of production planning back goes another century. Kaplan (1986) summarized that "the demand for information for internal planning and control apparently arose in the first half of the 20th century when firms, such as textile mills and railroads, had to devise internal administrative procedures to coordinate the multiple processes involved in the performance of the basic activity (the conversion of raw materials into finished goods by textile mills, the transportation of passengers and freight by the railroads."[8]
Herrmann (1996) further describes the circumstances in which new methods for internal planning and control evolved: "The first factories were quite simple and relatively small. They produced a small number of products in large batches. Productivity gains came from using interchangeable parts to eliminate time-consuming fitting operations. Through the late 1800s, manufacturing firms were concerned with maximizing the productivity of the expensive equipment in the factory. Keeping utilization high was an important objective. Foremen ruled their shops, coordinating all of the activities needed for the limited number of products for which they were responsible. They hired operators, purchased materials, managed production, and delivered the product. They were experts with superior technical skills, and they (not a separate staff of clerks) planned production. Even as factories grew, they were just bigger, not more complex.[9]
About production planning Herrmann (1996) recounts that "production scheduling started simply also. Schedules, when used at all, listed only when work on an order should begin or when the order is due. They didn't provide any information about how long the total order should take or about the time required for individual operations ..."[9]
In 1923 Industrial Management cited a Mr. Owens who had observed: "Production planning is rapidly becoming one of the most vital necessities of management. It is true that every establishment, no matter how large or how small has production planning in some form; but a large percentage of these do not have planning that makes for an even flow of material, and a minimum amount of money tied up in inventories."[10]
Topics[edit]
Types of planning[edit]
Different types of production planning can be applied:
Advanced planning and scheduling
Capacity planning
Master production schedule
Material requirements planning
MRP II
Scheduling
Workflow
Related kind of planning in organizations
Employee scheduling
Enterprise resource planning
Inventory control
Product planning
Project planning
Process planning, redirects to Computer-aided process planning
Sales and operations planning
Strategy
Production control[edit]
Production control is the activity of controlling the workflow in the production. It is partly complementary to production planning.
See also[edit]
Industrial engineering
Manufacturing process management
Materials management
Operations management
Production engineering
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Fargher, Hugh E., and Richard A. Smith. "Method and system for production planning." U.S. Patent No. 5,586,021. 17 Dec. 1996.
Jump up ^ Telsang, Martand. Industrial engineering and production management. S. Chand, 2006.
Jump up ^ Hung, Yi-Feng, and Robert C. Leachman. "A production planning methodology for semiconductor manufacturing based on iterative simulation and linear programming calculations." Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on 9.2 (1996): 257-269.
Jump up ^ Boucher, Thomas O. "The choice of cost parameters in machining cost models." The Engineering Economist 32.3 (1987): 217-230.
^ Jump up to: a b Bertrand, J. W. M., and W. G. M. M. Rutten. "Evaluation of three production planning procedures for the use of recipe flexibility." European journal of operational research 115.1 (1999): 179-194.
Jump up ^ August-Wilhelm Scheer (1984) Scheer, A-W. "Production control and information systems." Methods and Tools for Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1984. 138-178.
Jump up ^ Solberg, James J. "Capacity planning with a stochastic workflow model." AIIE Transactions 13.2 (1981): 116-122.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Robert S. "The evolution of management accounting Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.," The Accounting Review, Vol 14, No 3. July 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrmann, Jeffrey W. "A history of production scheduling Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.." Handbook of Production Scheduling. Springer US, 2006. 1-22.
Jump up ^ John Robertson Dunlap, Arthur Van Vlissingen, John Michael Carmody. eds. Industrial Management, Vol. 65-66, p. 182
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Production_planning&oldid=833643596"
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