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Ecuadorian general election, 2017
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Ecuadorian general election, 2017
← 2013 19 February 2017 (first round)
2 April 2017 (second round) 2021 →
Nominee
Lenín Moreno Guillermo Lasso
Party
PAIS Alliance CREO
Running mate
Jorge Glas Andrés Páez
Popular vote
5,062,018 4,833,389
Percentage
51.16% 48.84%
Map of results of the second round by provinces.
Lenín Moreno
Guillermo Lasso
President before election
Rafael Correa
PAIS Alliance
Elected President
Lenin Moreno
PAIS Alliance
General elections were held in Ecuador on 19 February 2017 alongside a referendum on tax havens.[1] Voters elected a new President and National Assembly. Incumbent President Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance was not eligible for re-election, having served two terms. In the first round of the presidential elections, PAIS Alliance candidate Lenín Moreno received 39% of the vote. Although he was more than 10% ahead of his nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities party, Moreno was just short of the 40% threshold required to avoid a run-off. As a result a second round was held on 2 April.[2] In the second round Moreno was elected President with 51.16% of the vote.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Campaign
3 Electoral system
4 Opinion polls
4.1 Second round
4.2 First round
5 Results
5.1 President
5.2 National Assembly
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
Following nearly a decade of political volatility in Ecuador that was characterized by impeachments, economic crises, and public unrest, [5] Raphael Correa, the nation’s current president, began his ascendance to power. During his 2006 campaign Correa established the PAIS Alliance, a coalition of leftist organizations that is the same party that president-elect Lenin Moreno, Correa’s vice president, ran under in the most recent presidential election. [6] [7][8]
Throughout his campaign and during his presidency Correa mobilized populist rhetoric to gain support, framing himself in opposition to the former political elite and current economic elite: Correa used the terms “neoliberal night” (“noche neoliberal”) and “partyarchy” (“partidocracia”) to refer to those groups, respectively, and characterized his own movement as a “citizen’s revolution” (La revolucion ciudadana). [9][10] Correa’s success was part of a larger wave of leftist movements in Latin American that began around the turn of century, frequently referred to as the “pink tide.” Other countries that elected left-leaning presidents in the early 2000s include Argentina (Néstor Kirchner), Venezuela (Hugo Chávez), and Brazil (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva), among others.[10][11]
One of the most significant events that took place during Correa’s time in office was the ratification of a new constitution in 2008.[5] Correa advocated for the new constitution and his supporters welcomed it, citing a focus on civil rights and social programs for the impoverished.[12] [13] However, the constitution was also met with much opposition, as its detractors feared that the document would give too much economic authority to the executive and initially believed its elimination of term limits would benefit Correa himself, although a provision on the amendment assured the law would not be put into action until after his presidency had ended.[10]
Guillermo Lasso, a former banker, initially ran for president in 2013, but lost to Correa by more than 30% of the vote in the first round. [14] In both his first and second bids for president, Lasso was aligned with the Creating Opportunities Party (Creando Oportunidades), a conservative learning party that formed in 2012 and focused on celebrating the market, eliminating taxes, as well as advocating for an independent judiciary and free speech. [15][16]
With Correa ineligible for re-election, his supporters formed an organisation Rafael Contigo Siempre (Always with you Rafael) to campaign for a constitutional amendment to allow him to run again.[17] With signatures from 8% of the electorate required to hold a referendum (929,062), a total of 1.2 million were collected.[18] However, Correa stated that he was planning on retiring from politics and would not run again.[19] Instead, on 2 October 2016 the PAIS Alliance nominated Lenín Moreno, Correa's vice president from 2007 to 2013, as its candidate, with incumbent vice president Jorge Glas as his running mate.[20] Moreno was challenged by Guillermo Lasso, a former banker.[21]
Campaign[edit]
A central issue in the presidential election was corruption; scandals in the Petroecuador state oil company and Odebrecht cases led to demands that candidates develop substantive plans to deal with corruption. Moreno proposed an anti-corruption law, while Lasso proposed a Truth Commission, which would be created with assistance from the United Nations.[22]
The two main candidates had very different visions for the country; Moreno's policy ideas were fairly similar to Correa's, while Lasso said he wanted to attack corruption and lower taxes.[21]
Lasso said before the elections that he would not allow Julian Assange to continue living in the Ecuadorian embassy in London.[23]
Electoral system[edit]
The President was elected using a modified two-round system, with a candidate required to get over 50% of the vote, or get over 40% of the vote and be 10% ahead of their nearest rival to be elected in the first round.[24] The President is limited to two consecutive four year terms.[25]
The 137 members of the National Assembly were elected by three methods : 15 were elected from a nationwide constituency, 116 were elected in 31 districts (21 corresponding to the 21 smallest provinces and 10 within the 3 largest provinces, range 2-6 seats per district), and six elected from three two-member constituencies representing Ecuadorians living overseas. Elections are by open list proportional represenation (every voter can vote for as many candidates as there are seats to be awarded), with the 15 seats national seats allocated using the Webster method and the rest using the d'Hondt method.[26] Voting was compulsory except for voters aged 16–18 or over 65 and people classed as illiterate.[27] Members of the National Assembly are limited to two four-year terms, either consecutive or not. There are gender quotas for the party lists, meaning there is alternation between men and women. There are no quotas for minority representation.[25]
Parties have to receive at least 5% of the vote in national elections in order to maintain their legal registration.[28]
Opinion polls[edit]
Second round[edit]
[show]2017
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
22/03/17 Eureknow 44.3% 41.3%
22/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 48.73% 37.07%
21/03/17 Perfiles de Opinión 49.37% 36.35%
21/03/17 CEDATOS 52.4% 47.6%
21/03/17 Market 52.1% 47.9%
19/03/17 CMS 36,76% 35,86%
16/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 50.61% 36.72%
15/03/17 CEDATOS 49.2% 50.8%
14/03/17 Market 53.2% 46.8%
14/03/17 Perfiles de Opinión 51.02% 35.53%
12/03/17 Opinión Pública 46% 35%
09/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 48.36% 35.70%
06/03/17 CMS 35.17% 35.01%
01/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 50.39% 41.20%
25/02/17 CIS 59% 41%
25/02/17 CEDATOS 47.9% 52.1%
First round[edit]
[show]2017
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Iván
Espinel
Patricio
Zuquilanda
End of public opinion polling (08/02/17)
08/02/17 CMS 25.63% 15.18% 6.64% 5.52% – – – –
08/02/17 CIEES 43.3% 21.3% 12.6% 10.8% 6.6% 1.0% 3.9% 0.6%
08/02/17 Opinión Pública 34.2% 18.2% 13.7% 7.4% 3.6% 0.1% 2.5% 0.6%
08/02/17 CEDATOS 32.3% 21.5% 14% 7.7% 4.1% 0.5% 2.9% 0.6%
08/02/17 Perfiles de Opinión 35% 16% 14% 7% 4% <2% 4% <2%
08/02/17 Market 28.5% 18.3% 20.2% 11.5% 4.9% 0.9% 2.6% 1.0%
28/01/17 Informe Confidencial 26.5% 17.5% 18.5% – – – – –
27/01/17 CMS 26.42% 15.51% 7.70% 5.97% 2.94% <2% <2% <2%
23/01/17 CEDATOS 34.3% 22.9% 11.4% 8.0% 4.3% 0.5% 1.7% 0.3%
21/01/17 Market 28.17% 16.57% 17.98% 13.22% 4.78% 0.59% 1.53% 1.3%
19/01/17 Estrategia y Táctica 23.6% 15.8% 12.8% 16.9% – – – –
15/01/17 Opinión Pública 34% 18.2% 8.9% 6.0% 2.9% 0.2% 1.2% 0.1%
08/01/17 Perfiles de Opinión 35% 17% 14% 8% 4% <3% <3% <3%
[show]2016 – fourth quarter
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Iván
Espinel
Patricio
Zuquilanda
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Álvaro
Noboa
29/12/16 CEDATOS 35.6% 22.3% 10.9% 6.9% 3.2% 0.3% 0.8% 0.4% – –
28/12/16 Market 28.6% 17.7% 19.3% 14.8% 4.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.1% – –
19/12/16 CMS 24.63% 12.89% 7.27% 5.18% – – – – – –
19/12/16 Opinión Pública 35.9% 17.4% 7.5% 7.6% 1.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.8% – –
15/12/16 Perfiles de Opinión 36.86% 15.23% 12.33% 4.8% 3.23% 0.60% 1.28% 0.08% – –
15/12/16 Market 31.3% 17.1% 17.4% 13.8% 3.5% 0.5% 1.2% 1.9% – –
02/12/16 CEDATOS 36.2% 22% 9.7% 7.3% 3% 0.5% 1% – 1.7% 0%
01/12/16 Estrategia y Táctica 28.68% 18.11% 13.39% 14.03% 4% – – – – –
28/11/16 Market 28.1% 18.0% 17.6% 9.5% 1.9% 0.1% 1.5% 0.3% – –
26/11/16 CMS 22.79% 11.22% 6.73% 5.22% – – – – – –
23/11/16 Opinión Pública 40% 16.1% 7.7% 6.5% 1.5% 0.1% 0.5% – – –
19/11/16 CIEES 42% 15% 9% 9% <3% – – – <3% <3%
18/11/16 Perfiles de Opinión 43% 14% 10% 8% 2% – – – – 1%
01/11/16 CMS 26.11% 11.14% 5.23% 5.89% – – – – – –
28/10/16 CEDATOS 37% 20% 10% 7% 3% 1% – – 2% 1%
26/10/16 CIEES 44% 13% 6% 8% – – – – – –
25/10/16 Market 32.2% 14.30% 16.14% 13.70% – – – – – –
25/10/16 CMS 29.91% 11.63% 6% 7.83% – – – – – –
23/10/16 Merchandising 28% 12% 5% 6% – – – – – 13%
23/10/16 Markconsult S.A. 24% 11.5% 9.1% 2% 9.3% – – – – –
23/10/16 Market 33.1% 13.8% 17.5% 10.3% 2.0% – – – – 2.3%
16/10/16 Opinión Pública 38.1% 13.7% 6.2% 6.2% 0.8% 0.6% – – – 1.6%
13/10/16 Perfiles de Opinión 48% 12% 9% 8% 2% – – – – 3%
[show]2016 – third quarter
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Lenín
Moreno
Jorge
Glas
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Álvaro
Noboa
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Lourdes
Tibán
Lenin
Hurtado
Enrique
Ayala Mora
Washington
Pesántez
Jimmy
Jairala
Paúl
Carrasco
Jaime
Nebot
Mauricio
Rodas
30/09/16 Dialoga – 31.7% – 21.4% 11.5% 4.9% 4.5% – – – – – – – – – –
– 32.1% – 22.4% – 4.8% 4.9% – – – – – – – 7.9% – –
28/09/16 Informe Confidencial – 36% – 18.8% 15.7% 2.1% 2.1% – – – – – – – – – –
– 33.7% – 21.1% – 2.3% 2.9% – – – – – – – 9.8% – –
16/09/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 49.06% – 15.55% 10.63% 2.27% – – – 1.37% – – – – 2.25% – –
– – 30.41% 17.55% 14.77% – – – – – – – – – – – –
15/09/16 CEDATOS – 35% – 18% 8% 2% 2% 2% 2% – – – 0.2% – – – –
12/09/16 Quantum – 42% – 15% 10% 4% – – – – – – – – – – –
– – 17% 16% 10% 8% – – – – – – – – – – –
12/09/16 Monitor – 31.3% – 23.4% 13.3% 4.1% – – – – – – – – – – –
– – 26.9% 24.8% 13.3% 3.6% – – – – – – – – – – –
10/09/16 Opinion Pública – 44% – 14% 4% 1% 1% 1% – 1% 1% – – 4% – – –
30/08/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 54% – 16% 8% – – – 3% – – – – – – – –
– – 34% 19% 13% – – – 3% – – – – – – – –
23/08/16 Monitor – – 23.4% 20.5% 17.3% 4.8% – – – – – – – – – – –
– 33% – 19.5% 16.2% 4.4% – – – – – – – – – – –
25.8% – – 20.6% 17.5% 4.8% – – – – – – – – – – –
03/08/16 Informe Confidencial – 39.3% – 12.5% 7.4% – 0.9% 1.7% 1.6% – – 0.4% – – – – –
– – 27.3% 13.6% 11.8% – 1% 1.9% 2.2% – – 0.4% – – – – –
22/07/16 CEDATOS – 35% – 22% 8% – 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% – – – –
28% – – 21% 8% – 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% – – – –
– – 20% 24% 10% – 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% – – – –
04/07/16 Perfiles de Opinion – 43.5% – 13.2% 15.5% – 1.3% 4.2% – – – 1.2% 0.2% – – – –
– – 25.5% 16.8% 17.4% – 1.7% 4.8% – – – 2.9% 0.8% – – – –
03/07/16 CEDATOS – – 25% 31% 1% – 2% 2% – 1% 0.2% 1% 0.1% 1% – – –
28% – – 27% – – 1% – – – – – – – 0% 11% –
28% – – 28% – – 1% – 1% – – – 0% – – – 6%
07/16 Opinion Pública – 38% – 17% 5% 2% 1% – – – 1% – – 6% – – –
[show]2016 – second quarter
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Jorge
Glas
Guillermo
Lasso
Jaime
Nebot
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Álvaro
Noboa
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Lourdes
Tibán
29/06/16 CEDATOS 44% – 26% – 1% – – 1% 0.1% 1%
– 25% 29% – 1% – – 2% 0.3% 2%
42% – 23% 10% – – – 1% 0% 1%
01/05/16 Perfiles de Opinión 50% – 9% 15% – 2% 2% 2% 1% –
– 25% 14% 20% – 4% 3% 1% 1% –
[show]2016 – first quarter
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Jorge
Glas
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Jaime
Nebot
Mauricio
Rodas
Dalo
Bucaram
Ramiro
González
Cynthia
Viteri
Alberto
Dahik
Carlos
Pérez
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Álvaro
Noboa
Lenin
Hurtado
Paúl
Carrasco
21/02/16 Opinion Pública – – 34% 10% 10% – 1% 1% – – – 2% 1% 1% –
17/02/16 CEDATOS – 19% – 40% – – 4% – 4% 1% 0% – – – –
34% – – 26% 13% – 1% – – – – – – – 0%
36% – – 27% – 8% 7% – – – – 1% – – –
10/01/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 29.8% – 20.8% – 14.4% 3.3% 1.9% – – – – – – –
– 28.5% – 16.1% 23.9% – 2.8% 2.4% – – – – – – –
[show]2015
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Jaime
Nebot
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Paúl
Carrasco
Ramiro
González
Álvaro
Noboa
21/12/15 Perfiles de Opinión – 58% 9% – 16% – – – 1% –
– 60% 13% 7% – – – – 1% –
11/12/15 Opinion Pública – 35% 10% 6% 6% 1% 0.4% – 2% 0.4%
03/10/15 Opinion Pública 37% – 12% 10% 6% 2% – – 1% –
06/08/15 Opinion Pública 34% – 11% 9% 4% 2% – 1% – –
13/07/15 CEDATOS 40.4% – 24% 12.3% 8.1% – – – – –
[show]2014
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Álvaro
Noboa
Norman
Wray
Nelson
Zavala
Jorge
Glas
Lenín
Moreno
Jaime
Nebot
Isabel
Noboa
Ramiro
González
Vinicio
Alvarado
19/06/14 CEDATOS 50% 16.7% 11.1% 1.2% 0.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.3% – – – – – –
– 22.6% 15.6% 2.1% 0.7% – – – 17.6% 13.3% 6.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.3%
[show]2013
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Álvaro
Noboa
Norman
Wray
Nelson
Zavala
Jorge
Glas
10/12/13 CEDATOS 60% 22% 4% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% –
– 31% 5% 1% 2% 1% 0.4% 0.1% 29%
13/10/13 CEDATOS 56% 24% 7% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% –
– 31% 7% 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 23%
Results[edit]
President[edit]
The first-round count was delayed for four days, far longer than usual, raising suspicions from the Lasso camp. In past years, the first-round results were known on election day. Election officials blamed the delays on "numerical inconsistencies" in some ballots. Moreno maintained a consistent lead throughout the count. However, by the fourth day of counting, it was no longer mathematically possible for him to win an outright victory—setting the stage for the runoff.[2]
A recount would have taken weeks and Lenin Moreno (usually referred to as just “Lenin”) challenged all the allegations of fraud. President Correa said that "the moral fraud committed by the right will not go unpunished." Moreno said he will represent those who voted and those who didn’t, tweeting "Long live Ecuador! Welcome fighters of peace and of life” along with a picture of him immediately after winning the election. His opponent Lasso, however, encouraged the people to peacefully protest the election results. He tweeted: "Let's act in a peaceful but firm manner, we must go to the streets and say 'don't steal my vote' because we want a change in Ecuador."[29]
The National Electoral Council announced on 13 April that it would recount all ballots contested by both parties, accounting to about 10% of the total vote.[30] Moreno also led the vote after recount of some of the votes, increasing the number of votes obtained by 1,594.[31]
Map of results of the first round by provinces.
Lenín Moreno
Guillermo Lasso
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Lenín Moreno PAIS Alliance 3,716,343 39.36 5,062,018 51.16
Guillermo Lasso Creating Opportunities 2,652,403 28.09 4,833,389 48.84
Cynthia Viteri Social Christian Party 1,540,903 16.32
Paco Moncayo National Agreement for Change (es) 634,033 6.71
Abdalá Bucaram, Jr. Fuerza Ecuador 455,187 4.82
Iván Espinel Molina Fuerza Compromiso Social 299,840 3.18
Patricio Zuquilanda Duque Patriotic Society Party 72,679 0.77
Washington Pesántez Movimiento Unión Ecuatoriana 71,107 0.75
Invalid/blank votes 1,022,812 – 740,167 –
Total 10,470,174 100 10,635,574 100
Registered voters/turnout 12,816,698 81.63 12,816,698 82.98
Source: CNE, CNE
National Assembly[edit]
The National Assembly makes up the legislative branch of Ecuadorean government. These elected officials have the power to pass laws, while judges of the national court of justice are chosen by a separate judicial council.[32]
Ecuador
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ecuador
Constitution[show]
History
Human rights
Presidency[show]
President
Lenín Moreno
Vice President
Jorge Glas
Cabinet
Legislative[show]
National Assembly
President
Gabriela Rivadeneira
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
Constitutional Tribunal
Elections[show]
Political parties
Recent elections
2017 (general)
2013 (general)
2009 (general)
2007 (constituent assembly)
Recent referendums
2017 (tax haven)
2011 (popular consultation)
2008 (constitution)
2007 (constituent assembly)
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Cantons
Parishes
Foreign relations[show]
Correa's foreign policy
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Party
Votes
%
Seats
National
Provincial
Abroad
Total
+/–
PAIS Alliance 40,091,544 39.07 7 63 4 74 –26
Creating Opportunities–SUMA 20,589,460 20.06 3 29 2 34 +22
Social Christian Party 16,319,989 15.90 3 12 0 15 +9
Fuerza Ecuador 4,870,863 4.75 1 0 0 1 New
Democratic Left 3,866,778 3.77 1 3 0 4 +2
Patriotic Society Party 3,017,722 2.94 0 2 0 2 -3
Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country 2,740,043 2.67 0 4 0 4 –1
Partido Político Avanza 2,208,026 2.15 0 0 0 0 –5
Fuerza ¡Compromiso Social! 2,010,565 1.96 0 0 0 0 New
Unidad Popular 1,638,137 1.60 0 0 0 0 New
Partido Adelante Ecuatoriano Adelante 1,354,930 1.32 0 0 0 0 New
Centro Democratico 1,174,467 1.14 0 0 0 0 New
Movimiento Concertación 1,035,089 1.01 0 0 0 0 –1
Socialist Party 885,658 0.86 0 0 0 0 0
Unión Ecuatoriana 814,253 0.79 0 0 0 0 New
Independents and Regionalists – – – 3 0 3 0
Total 102,617,524 100 15 116 6 137 0
Valid votes 8,149,486 77.79
Invalid/blank votes 2,326,745 22.21
Total 10,476,231 100
Registered voters/turnout 12,816,698 81.67
Source: CNE
See also[edit]
United Front (Ecuador) (es; zh)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Referendum on tax havens will be conducted in the elections of 2017 Ecuador Times, 22 November 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador will hold run-off poll to choose new president BBC News, 23 February 2017
Jump up ^ CNE plenary presented total results of the second round of elections CNE, 10 April 2017
Jump up ^ El Pleno del CNE proclamó a Lenín Moreno presidente electo de Ecuador El Comercio, 18 April 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitutional history of Ecuador". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Conozca la historia de Alianza PAIS, de un binomio al control del poder en Ecuador". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ lgc-TP-gp, teleSUR /. "Ecuador Sets 2017 Election Date, Marking Correa's Last Year". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "IFES Election Guide - Elections: Ecuador President Second Round". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Pike, John. "Rafael Correa". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What to expect from Ecuador’s elections". The Economist. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Americas - South America's leftward sweep". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Kendall, Clare (23 September 2008). "A new law of nature". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Siddique, Haroon; agencies (29 September 2008). "Ecuador referendum endorses new socialist constitution". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ http://resultados2013.cne.gob.ec/Results.html?RaceID=1&UnitID=1&IsPS=0&LangID=0)
Jump up ^ "Explainer: Ecuador's 2017 Presidential Elections - AS/COA". AS/COA. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Ecuador former banker Lasso heads opinion poll for run-off presidential vote - News - DW - 26.02.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ecuador: Court Paves Way for Referendum on Correa's Re-Election Telesur, 25 April 2016
Jump up ^ Ecuadorians Collect 1.2 Million Signatures for Correa’s Reelection Panama Post, 17 August 2016
Jump up ^ Ecuador’s Rafael Correa to Supporters: Thanks but I Won’t Run for Reelection Panama Post, 21 August 2016
Jump up ^ Dube, Ryan (3 October 2016). "Ecuador’s Ruling Party Chooses Lenin Moreno as Presidential Candidate". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador votes in crucial general elections Al Jazeera, 19 February 2017
Jump up ^ Corruption returns to the debate Ecuador Times, 21 March 2017
Jump up ^ Ecuador's Election Ends In Close Result, And Accusations Of Cheating NPR, 3 April 2017
Jump up ^ Ecuador IFES
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador Political Database of the Americas
Jump up ^ Articles 150.2 and 164 Electoral law of Ecuador
Jump up ^ Electoral system IPU
Jump up ^ Ecuador - Political parties Nations Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ CNN, Euan McKirdy and Rafael Romo. "Ruling party candidate claims win in Ecuadorian vote, rival vows challenge". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Press, Associated (14 April 2017). "Ecuador presidential election: 10% of votes to be recounted". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Ecuador: Government >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge". globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
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Michael Collins (astronaut)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Michael Collins
Collins in July 1969
Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs
In office
January 6, 1970 – April 11, 1971
President
Richard Nixon
Preceded by
Dixon Donnelley
Succeeded by
Carol Laise
Personal details
Born
(1930-10-31) October 31, 1930 (age 87)
Rome, Italy
Nationality
American
Alma mater
USMA, B.S. 1952
Occupation
Test pilot
Signature
Military service
Allegiance
United States
Service/branch
United States Air Force
Years of service
1952–1970 (active duty)
Rank
Major General
NASA astronaut
Status
Retired
Time in space
11 days, 2 hours, 04 minutes, 43 seconds
Selection
1963 NASA Group 3
Total EVAs
2
Total EVA time
1 hour 28 minutes
Missions
Gemini 10, Apollo 11
Mission insignia
Retirement
January 1970
Awards
Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA.
Prior to becoming an astronaut, he graduated from the United States Military Academy, and from there he joined the United States Air Force and flew F-86 Sabre fighters at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He was accepted to the U.S. Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He unsuccessfully applied for the second astronaut group, but was accepted for the third group.
After retiring from NASA in 1970 he took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He held this position until 1978 when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. Collins resigned in 1985 to start his own business. He was married to Patricia Collins until her death in April 2014. They had three children together.
Contents
1 Childhood and education
2 Military service
2.1 Test pilot
3 Space program
3.1 Project Gemini
3.1.1 Gemini 10
3.2 Apollo program
3.3 Medical problems
3.4 Apollo 8
3.5 Apollo 11
4 Post-NASA activities
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Childhood and education[edit]
Collins was born in Rome, Italy, on October 31, 1930, to U.S. Army Major General James Lawton Collins, who served in the army for 38 years.[1][2] For the first 17 years of his life, Collins lived in many places: Rome; Oklahoma; Governors Island, New York; Puerto Rico; San Antonio, Texas; and Alexandria, Virginia. He took his first ride in a plane in Puerto Rico aboard a Grumman Widgeon.[3] Collins studied for two years in the Academia del Perpetuo Socorro in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[4]
After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Washington, D.C. where Collins attended St. Albans School, and graduated in 1948.[5] His mother wanted him to enter into the diplomatic service, but he decided to follow his father, two uncles, brother and cousin into the armed services. He received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, which also had the advantage of being free of tuition and other fees. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree, finishing 185th out of 527 cadets in 1952, the same class as fellow astronaut Ed White. His decision to join the United States Air Force for his active service was based on both the wonder of what the next 50 years might bring in aeronautics, and also to avoid accusations of nepotism had he joined the Army where his uncle, General J. Lawton Collins, was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army.[6] The Air Force Academy was in its initial construction phase, and would not graduate its first class for several years. In the interim, graduates of the Military Academy were eligible for Air Force commissions, which Collins received.[7]
Military service[edit]
After entering the Air Force, Collins completed flight training at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, in the T-6 Texan, then moved to San Marcos Air Force Base and James Connally Air Force Base, Texas. He was chosen for advanced day fighter training at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, flying F-86 Sabres. This was followed by an assignment to the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing at George Air Force Base, California, where he learned how to deliver nuclear weapons. He transferred with the 21st when it was relocated to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, in June 1954.[8]
During a NATO exercise in the summer of 1956, Collins was forced to eject from an F-86 after a fire started aft of the cockpit.[9] He was safely rescued and returned to Chaumont AB, where a wait of several hours ensued, as the base's flight surgeon had joined search parties looking for Collins.[10]
Collins met Patricia Finnegan, his future wife, in an officers' mess. She was from Boston, Massachusetts, and was working for the Air Force service club. After getting engaged, they had to overcome a difference in religion. Collins was nominally Episcopalian, while Finnegan came from a staunchly Roman Catholic family. After seeking permission to marry from Finnegan's father, and delaying their wedding when Collins was redeployed to West Germany during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, they married in the summer of 1957.[11] They had a daughter, actress Kate Collins circa 1959.[12]
After Collins was reassigned to the United States, he attended an aircraft maintenance officer course at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois. He would later describe this school as "dismal" in his autobiography; he found the classwork boring, flying time scarce, and the equipment outdated. Upon completing the course, he commanded a Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) and traveled to air bases around the world.[13] The detachment trained mechanics on the servicing of new aircraft and pilots how to fly them. He later commanded a Field Training Detachment (FTD), which is very similar to an MTD, except the students travel to him.[14]
Test pilot[edit]
With the help of his time as a member of an MTD, Collins accumulated over 1,500 hours of flying, the minimum required for the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He successfully applied and reported on August 29, 1960, becoming a member of Class 60-C (which included future astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Irwin). Following months of intensive training, Collins was one of the few chosen for a position in fighter operations.[15]
Collins used to smoke heavily, but decided to quit in 1962 after suffering a particularly bad hangover. The next day, he spent what he described as the worst four hours of his life in the right-hand seat of a bomber flicking switches while going through the initial stages of nicotine withdrawal.[16]
The turning point for Collins in his decision to become an astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn on February 20, 1962, and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. He immediately applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To raise their numbers, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a "charm school". Medical and psychiatric examinations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston followed. In mid-September he found out he had not been accepted, it was a blow even though he did not anticipate to be accepted. Collins still rates the second group of nine as the best group of astronauts ever selected by NASA.[17]
That same year the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School became the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School, as the Air Force tried to enter into the research of space. Collins applied for a new course offered into the basics of spaceflight (other students included Charles Bassett, Edward Givens and Joe Engle). Along with classwork they also flew up to about 90,000 feet in F-104 Starfighters. As they passed through the top of their huge arc, they would experience a brief period of weightlessness. Finishing this course he returned to fighter ops in May 1963.[18]
At the start of June of that year, NASA once again called for astronaut applications. Collins went through the same process as with his first application, though he did not take the psychiatric evaluation. He was at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas on October 14 when Deke Slayton called and asked if he was still interested in becoming an astronaut. Charlie Bassett was also accepted in the same group.[19]
He has logged approximately 5,000 hours flying time.[20]
Space program[edit]
Collins suiting up for the Apollo 11 flight
For the third group of astronauts, training began with a 240-hour course of the basics of spaceflight. Fifty-eight hours of this was devoted to geology, something that Collins did not readily understand and in which he never became very interested.[21] At the end, Alan Shepard, who was head of the astronaut office, asked the fourteen to rank their fellow astronauts in the order they would want to fly with them in space. Collins picked David Scott in the number one position.[22]
Project Gemini[edit]
After this basic training, the third group were assigned specializations, with Collins receiving his first choice of pressure suits and EVA (spacewalk). His job was to monitor the development and act as a liaison between the Astronaut Office and contractors.[23] Collins was bothered during the secretive planning of Ed White's EVA on Gemini 4, because he was not involved.[24]
In late June 1965, Collins received his first crew assignment, the backup pilot for Gemini 7.[25] He was the first of the 14 to receive a crew assignment, though would not be the first to fly; that honor went to David Scott on Gemini 8.[26]
Gemini 10[edit]
Main article: Gemini 10
Collins with John Young
After the successful completion of Gemini 7, on January 24, 1966, Collins was assigned to the prime crew of Gemini 10 with John Young, with White moving onto the Apollo program.[27] Since Gemini 9 ran into problems, the remaining Gemini objectives had to be completed on the last three flights. While the overall number of objectives increased, the difficulty of Collins' EVA was scaled significantly back. There was no backpack or astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), as there had been on Gemini 8.[27]
Their three-day mission called for them to rendezvous with two different Agena Target Vehicles, undertake two EVAs, and perform 15 different experiments. The training went smoothly, as the crew learned the intricacies of orbital rendezvous, controlling the Agena and, for Collins, EVA. For what was to be the fourth ever EVA, underwater training was not performed, mostly because Collins did not have the time. To train to use the nitrogen gun he would use for propulsion, a super smooth metal surface about the size of a boxing ring was set up. He would stand on a circular pad that used gas jets to raise itself off the surface. Using the nitrogen gun he would practice propelling himself across the "slippery table".[28]
Collins and Young completed all of the major objectives of the flight.[29] The mission called for multiple dockings with the Agena target, but Collins' error in using the sextant caused them to burn valuable fuel, causing mission control to call off this objective.[30] Once docked, the Agena thrust the astronauts to a new altitude record, 474 miles above the Earth and greater than the 295 miles achieved by Voshkod 2.[31]
For his first EVA Collins did not leave the Gemini capsule, but stood up through the hatch with a device that resembled a sextant. In his biography he said he felt at that moment like a Roman god riding the skies in his chariot.[32] The EVA started on the dark side of the Earth so that Collins could take photos of the Milky Way. His eyes teared up, forcing an early end to the EVA.[33]
Prior to Collins' second EVA, the Agena spacecraft was jettisoned. Young positioned the capsule close enough to Agena 8 for Collins to get to it while attached to his 49 foot umbilical. Collins thought it took much longer to complete tasks than he expected, as Cernan had experienced during his spacewalk. He removed a micro-meteor experiment from the exterior of the spacecraft, and configured his nitrogen maneuvering thruster. Collins had difficulty re-entering the spacecraft, and required Young to pull him back in with the umbilical. The duo continued with more experiments, and then splashed down in the Atlantic, 3.5 miles from the amphibious assault ship USS Guadalcanal.[34]
Apollo program[edit]
The backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight. Collins is on the left, and on the right Thomas Stafford blocks the view of Frank Borman
Shortly after Gemini 10, Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight, with Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Thomas Stafford and Collins as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). Along with learning the new Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) and the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), Collins received helicopter training, as these were thought to be the best way to simulate the landing approach of the LM. After the completion of Project Gemini, it was decided to cancel the Apollo 2 flight, since it would just repeat the Apollo 1 flight. In the process of crews being reassigned, Collins was moved to the CMP position on the Apollo 8 prime crew, since his new crewmates were Borman and William Anders. Deke Slayton had decided the CMP should have some spaceflight experience, something Anders did not have. Three years later, this change would be the reason Collins orbited the Moon while Armstrong and Aldrin walked on its surface.[35]
Staff meetings were always held on Fridays in the Astronaut Office and it was here that Collins found himself on January 27, 1967. Don Gregory was running the meeting in the absence of Alan Shepard and so it was he who answered the red phone to be informed there was a fire in the Apollo 1 CM. When the enormity of the situation was ascertained, it fell on Collins to go the Chaffee household to tell Martha Chaffee her husband had died. The Astronaut Office had learned to be proactive in informing astronauts' families of a death quickly, because of the death of Theodore Freeman in an aircraft crash, when a newspaper reporter was the first to his house.[36]
Collins and David Scott were sent by NASA to the Paris Air Show in May 1967. There they met cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Konstantin Feoktistov, with whom they drank vodka on the Soviet's Tupolev Tu-134. Collins found it interesting that some cosmonauts were doing helicopter training like their American counterparts, and Belyayev said that he hoped to make a circum-lunar flight soon. The astronauts' wives had accompanied them on the trip, and Collins and his wife Pat were somewhat forced by NASA and their friends to travel to Metz where they had been married ten years before. There, they found a third wedding ceremony had been arranged for them (ten years previously they had already had civil and religious ceremonies).[37]
Medical problems[edit]
During 1968, Collins noticed that his legs were not working as they should, first during handball games, then as he walked down stairs, his knee would almost give way. His left leg also had unusual sensations when in hot and cold water. Reluctantly he sought medical advice and the diagnosis was a cervical disc herniation, requiring two vertebrae to be fused together.[38] The surgery was performed at Wilford Hall Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The planned recuperation time was three to six months.[39] He spent three months in a neck brace. It also removed Collins from the crew of Apollo 9 and moved Jim Lovell up to the prime crew. When the Apollo 8 mission was changed from a CSM/LM in Earth orbit, to a CSM-only flight around the Moon, both prime and backup crews for the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped places.[40]
Apollo 8[edit]
Main article: Apollo 8
Having trained for the flight, Collins was made a capsule communicator (CAPCOM), an astronaut stationed at Mission Control responsible for communicating directly with the crew during a mission.[41] As part of the Green Team, he covered the launch phase up to translunar injection, the rocket burn that sent Apollo 8 to the Moon.[42] The successful completion of the first manned circum-lunar flight was followed by the announcement of the Apollo 11 crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. At that time in January 1969, it was not certain this would be the lunar landing crew, depending on the success of Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 testing the Lunar Module.[43]
Apollo 11[edit]
Collins in Command Module simulator during simulated rendezvous and docking maneuver on June 19, 1969
Main article: Apollo 11
As CMP, Collins's training was completely different from the LM and lunar EVA, and was sometimes done without Armstrong or Aldrin being present. Along with simulators, there were size measurements for pressure suits, centrifuge training to simulate the 10 g reentry, and practicing docking with a huge rig at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, just to name a few. Since he would be the active participant in the rendezvous with the LM, Collins compiled a book[44] of 18 different rendezvous schemes for different scenarios including where the LM did not land, or launched too early or too late. This book ran for 117 pages.[44]
The famous mission patch of Apollo 11 was the creation of Collins. Jim Lovell, the backup commander, mentioned the idea of eagles, a symbol of the United States. Collins liked the idea and found a painting by artist Walter Weber in a National Geographic book, Water, Prey, and Game Birds of North America,[45] traced it and added the lunar surface below and Earth in the background. The idea of an olive branch, a symbol of peace, came from a computer expert at the simulators. The call sign Columbia for the CSM came from Julian Scheer, the NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He mentioned the idea to Collins in a conversation and Collins could not think of anything better.[46] It was during the training for Apollo 11 Collins told Deke Slayton he did not want to fly again. Slayton offered to get him back into the crew sequence after the flight, and according to Collins, this would probably have been as backup commander of Apollo 14 followed by commander of Apollo 17.[47]:343
Collins sits in the hatch of Apollo 11 Command Module after its return to the MSC's Lunar Receiving Laboratory for detailed examination
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since Adam has any human known such solitude",[48] Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two". During the 48 minutes of each orbit he was out of radio contact with Earth, the feeling he reported was not loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".[49]
After spending so much time with the CSM, Collins felt compelled to leave his mark on it, so during the second night following their return from the Moon, he went to the lower equipment bay of the CM and wrote:
"Spacecraft 107 — alias Apollo 11 — alias Columbia. The best ship to come down the line. God Bless Her. Michael Collins, CMP"[50]
In a July 2009 interview with The Guardian, Collins revealed he was very worried about Armstrong and Aldrin's safety. He was also concerned in the event of their deaths on the Moon, he would be forced to return to Earth alone and, as the mission's sole survivor, be regarded as "a marked man for life".[51]
Post-NASA activities[edit]
Collins, February 2009
After being released from a 18-day quarantine, the crew embarked on a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour across the United States and around the world. Prior to this trip NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine had told Collins that Secretary of State William P. Rogers was interested in appointing Collins to the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. After the crew returned to the U.S. in November, Collins sat down with Rogers and accepted the position on the urgings of President Richard Nixon.[52]
Collins retired from NASA in 1970,[53] and retired from the U.S. Air Force Reserves with the rank of Major General in 1970.[54][55] In 1971, Collins was appointed director of the National Air and Space Museum.[56] He held this position until 1978,[56] when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[54] Collins completed the Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program in 1974, and in 1980 became Vice President of LTV Aerospace in Arlington, Virginia. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm, Michael Collins Associates.[57]
He wrote an autobiography in 1974 entitled Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. It is "generally regarded as the best account of what it is like to be an astronaut."[58] He has also written Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space (1988), a history of the American space program, Mission to Mars (1990), a non-fiction book on human spaceflight to Mars, and Flying to the Moon and Other Strange Places (1976), revised and re-released as Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story (1994), a children's book on his experiences. Along with his writing, he has painted watercolors mostly relating to his Florida Everglades home, or aircraft that he flew; they are rarely space-related.[59] Until recently he did not sign his paintings to avoid them increasing in price just because they had his autograph on them.[60]
Collins lived with his wife, Pat, in Marco Island, Florida and Avon, North Carolina until her death in April 2014.[61]
Legacy[edit]
Congressional Gold Medal, with Apollo 11 crew and John Glenn inscribed
Collins was a long-time trustee of the National Geographic Society and presently serves as Trustee Emeritus.[58] He is also a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.[20][62]
Collins was inducted into three halls of fame: the International Space Hall of Fame (1977),[8] the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame (1993),[1] and the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1985). In 2008 he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor in Lancaster, California.[63]
Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins decorated by the Brazilian government, 1969. National Archives of Brazil.
The International Astronomical Union honored him by naming an asteroid after him, 6471 Collins.[8] Also, like the other two Apollo 11 crew members, he has a lunar crater named after him.[64]
He was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross in 1966 for his work in the Gemini Project.[65] Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans pinned the NASA Exceptional Service Medal on Collins and Young in 1966 for their role in the Gemini 10 mission.[66]
He was awarded Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings.[20] Collins, along with the rest of the Apollo 11 crew, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Nixon in 1969 at a state dinner held in their honor.[67] The three were awarded the Collier Trophy in 1969. The National Aeronautic Association president awarded a duplicate trophy to Collins and Aldrin at a ceremony.[68][69] The trio received the international Harmon Trophy for aviators in 1970,[70][71] conferred to them by Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1971.[72] Agnew also presented them the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society in 1970. He told them, "You've won a place alongside Christopher Columbus in American history".[73] He also received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) in 1970.[74][75]
In 1971, Collins was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.[76]
In 1999, while celebrating the 30th anniversary of the lunar landing, Vice President Al Gore, who was also the vice chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution's Board of Regents, presented the Apollo 11 crew with the Smithsonian's Langley Gold Medal for aviation. After the ceremony, the crew went to the White House and presented President Bill Clinton with an encased moon rock.[77][78] The crew was awarded the New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal in the Capitol Rotunda in 2011. During the ceremony, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said, "Those of us who have had the privilege to fly in space followed the trail they forged."[54][79]
Collins is one of the astronauts featured in the documentary In the Shadow of the Moon.[80] In 1989, some of his personal papers were transferred to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.[57] He had a small part as "Old Man" in the 2009 movie, Youth in Revolt.[81]
English rock group Jethro Tull has a song "For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me", which appears on the Benefit album from 1970. The song compares the feelings of misfitting from vocalist Ian Anderson (and friend Jeffrey Hammond) with the astronaut's own, as he is left behind by the ones who had the privilege of walking on the surface of the Moon.[82] In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, Collins was played by Jim Metzler.[83] In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he was played by Cary Elwes.[84] In the 2009 TV movie Moon Shot, he was played by Andrew Lincoln.[85] In 2013, indie pop group The Boy Least Likely To released the song "Michael Collins" on the album The Great Perhaps. The song uses Collins' feeling that he was blessed to have the type of solitude of being truly separated from all other human contact in contrast with modern society's lack of perspective.[86][87] American folk artist John Craigie recorded a song titled "Michael Collins" for his 2017 album No Rain, No Rose. The song embraces his role as an integral part of the Apollo 11 mission with the chorus, "Sometimes you take the fame, sometimes you sit back stage, but if it weren't for me them boys would still be there."[88] In the 2018 film First Man, he will be portrayed by Lukas Haas.[89]
See also[edit]
List of spaceflight records
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Collins". Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Astronaut Fact Book" (PDF). NASA. April 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 8–13.
Jump up ^ San Juan's Young King Who Climbed to the Moon. 1969 Congressional Record, Vol. 115, Pages H25639-H25640 (September 16, 1969). Accessed November 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bonner, Alice (May 10, 1977). "Ferdinand Ruge, St. Albans English Master, Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 7–8.
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethany Kelly. "Air Force Col. Michael Collins". Military.com. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Piloted the command module on Apollo 11, the first manned moon-landing mission". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Barbtree 2014, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Collins 2009, pp. 158–159.
Jump up ^ Hansen 2005, pp. 346–347.
Jump up ^ Stark, John (July 14, 1986). "Soap Sleaze-Pot Kate Collins, An Astronaut's Daughter, Is Shooting for the Moon". People magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins 2009, pp. 11–12.
Jump up ^ "1998 Distinguished Graduate Award". West Point Association of Graduates. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 13–17.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 153–155.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 25–33.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 34–40.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 40–46.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Biographical Data" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Collins 2009, pp. 139–140.
Jump up ^ "Gemini 7". Astronautix. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NASA Gemini VIII First Docking Turns To Wild Ride in Orbit, Quickly Became In-Flight Emergency". Space Coast Daily. February 17, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Reichl 2016, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 177–198.
Jump up ^ "Astronauts splash down safely; mission proves much yet to be learned in space". Palladium-Item. Richmond, Indiana. July 22, 1966. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Reichl 2016, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Reichl 2016, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Reichl 2016, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Reichl 2016, pp. 127–129.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 267–268.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 269–274.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 278–282.
Jump up ^ Skipper, Ben (July 20, 2014). "Moon Landing 45th Anniversary: Who Is Michael Collins The Forgotten Astronaut?". International Business Times. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Astronaut Gets Out of Hospital". Abilene Reporter-News. Abilene, Texas. Associated Press. July 31, 1968. p. 46 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 288–294.
Jump up ^ Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; et al. (1969–1978). "Appendix 6: Crews and Support for Manned Apollo Flights". The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology. IV. Compiled by Sally D. Gates, History Office, JSC, with Cyril E. Baker, Astronaut Office, JSC. Washington, D.C.: NASA. LCCN 69060008. OCLC 23818. NASA SP-4009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Day 1: The Green Team and Separation". Apollo Flight Journal. NASA. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b Collins 2001, p. 339.
Jump up ^ "The Making of the Apollo 11 Mission Patch". NASA. July 14, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hansen 2005, pp. 325–332.
Jump up ^ Collins, Michael (2009). Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys (40th anniversary ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-53194-3.
Jump up ^ "July 24 Mission Logs". NASA. July 21, 1969. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 402.
Jump up ^ "Michael Collins' Inscription inside Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia"". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ McKie, Robin (July 19, 2009). "How Michael Collins became the forgotten astronaut of Apollo 11". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, pp. 454–455.
Jump up ^ "Biographical Data". Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Congressional Gold Medal to Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. 2000 Congressional Record, Vol. 146, Page H4714 (June 20, 2000). Accessed April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michael Collins Fast Facts". CNN. October 26, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Air and Space Museum, Office of the Director – Agency History". Siarchives.si.edu. August 29, 2002. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Guide to the Michael Collins Papers 1907–1989". Ead.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilford, John Noble (July 17, 1994). "The Health Care Debate: The Astronauts". New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michael Collins Interview". STEM in 30. Interviewed by Beth Wilson. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Michael Collins". Astronaut Central. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marquard, Bryan (May 4, 2014). "Patricia Collins, 83; wrote about being an astronaut's wife". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fellow Classes". SETP. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2008 Honorees". City of Lancaster. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gaherty, Geoff (April 19, 2013). "How to See Where Astronauts Walked on the Moon". Space.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michael Collins". The Hall of Valor Project. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Whoosh to Altitude Record 'Tremendous Thrill' to Astros". Independent. Long Beach, California. UPI. August 2, 1966. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ ""Three Very Brave Men" Given Presidential Toast and Medals". The Gastonia Gazette. Gastonia, North Carolina. Associated Press. August 14, 1969. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Collier 1960–1969 Recipients". National Aeronautic Association. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Honor". The Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. May 7, 1970. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Two R.A.F. Pilots to Share Harmon Aviator's Trophy". New York Times. September 7, 1970. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Astronauts Add Harmon Trophy to Collection". The Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. Associated Press. September 6, 1970. p. 52 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "3 Astronauts get Harmon Trophies". The Times. Shreveport, Louisiana. Associated Press. May 20, 1971. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Agnew Gives Medals to Apollo 11 Crew". The La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Associated Press. February 18, 1970. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Collins, Michael". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Iven C. Kincheloe Recipients". Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
Jump up ^ Boyle, Alan. "Moon Anniversary Celebrated". NBC News. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 astronauts honored for 'astonishing' mission". CNN. July 20, 1999. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NASA Legends Awarded Congressional Gold Medal". NASA. November 16, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, John (September 4, 2007). "Film Takes Us Back 38 Years, to That First Walk". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Vancher, Barbara (January 8, 2010). "Michael Cera hopes that movie captures the heart of the book". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2010. ...astronaut Michael Collins filmed a bit part as a man selling a broken-down trailer.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Jethro Tull – Benefit review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (November 17, 1996). "Moon Over 'Apollo 11'". The Los Angeles Times. p. 433 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ James, Caryn (April 3, 1998). "Television Review; Boyish Eyes on the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marill, Alvin H. (October 11, 2010). Movies Made for Television: 2005-2009. Scarecrow Press. p. 66.
Jump up ^ Cox, Jamieson (April 25, 2013). "The Boy Least Likely To". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Beats Per MinuteAlbum Review: The Boy Least Likely To – The Great Perhaps – Beats Per Minute". Beats Per Minute.
Jump up ^ Moring, JT (April 2017). "John Craigie: Millennial Storyteller". San Diego Troubadour. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Gosling's Neil Armstrong movie to open Venice Film Festival". BBC. July 19, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Barbtree, Jay (July 8, 2014). Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight. Macmillan. ISBN 9781743540657.
Butler, Carol L. (1998). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Biographical Data Sheet (PDF). Retrieved February 14, 2006.
Collins, Michael (2001). Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. Lindbergh, Charles (foreword). Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1028-X.
Collins, Michael (2009). Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. Lindbergh, Charles (foreword). Cooper Square Press. ISBN 9780374531942.
Hansen, James (2005). First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5631-X.
Reichl, Eugen (2016). Project Gemini. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-5070-2.
Uusma, Bea, (2003). The Man Who Went to the Far Side of the Moon: The Story of Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins. ISBN 9780736227896 (Cengage Learning)
External links[edit]
Statement From Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins, NASA Public Release no. 09-164. Collins's statement on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, July 9, 2009
Astronautix biography of Michael Collins
Collins at Encyclopedia of Science
Michael Collins, David Mindell (April 1, 2015). Apollo 11's Michael Collins visits MIT/AeroAstro. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
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text:
List of dates for Easter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years
(1998–2038 in Gregorian dates)
Year
Western
Eastern
1998
April 12 April 19
1999
April 4 April 11
2000
April 23 April 30
2001
April 15
2002
March 31 May 5
2003
April 20 April 27
2004
April 11
2005
March 27 May 1
2006
April 16 April 23
2007
April 8
2008
March 23 April 27
2009
April 12 April 19
2010
April 4
2011
April 24
2012
April 8 April 15
2013
March 31 May 5
2014
April 20
2015
April 5 April 12
2016
March 27 May 1
2017
April 16
2018
April 1 April 8
2019
April 21 April 28
2020
April 12 April 19
2021
April 4 May 2
2022
April 17 April 24
2023
April 9 April 16
2024
March 31 May 5
2025
April 20
2026
April 5 April 12
2027
March 28 May 2
2028
April 16
2029
April 1 April 8
2030
April 21 April 28
2031
April 13
2032
March 28 May 2
2033
April 17 April 24
2034
April 9
2035
March 25 April 29
2036
April 13 April 20
2037
April 5
2038
April 25
This is a list of dates for Easter. The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Maundy Thursday, the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur. Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar. The accompanying table provides both sets of dates, for recent decades and forthcoming years — see the computus article for more details on the calculation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest Easter
1.1 Western (Gregorian)
1.2 Orthodox (Julian)
2 Latest Easter
2.1 Western (Gregorian)
2.2 Orthodox (Julian)
3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date
4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter
5 Public holidays
6 References
7 External links
Earliest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday, March 21 (the equinox). Therefore, the following day, March 22, was Easter. It will not fall as early again until 2285, a span of 467 years. The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 (March 23) occurred in 1845, 1856, 1913 and 2008, and will occur again in 2160—an 11, 57, 95 and 152-year gap, respectively.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4, 1915 and April 4, 2010 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar.
Latest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday, April 25. The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday, March 20; because it came before the vernal equinox, the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday, April 18. Consequently, Easter was the following Sunday (April 25). Easter will not fall as late again until 2038—a span of 95 years. The second latest date for Easter, April 24, occurred in 2011. The last time this occurred was in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095—spans of 152 and 84 years. However between years 5121 and 6482, Easter will be no later than April 24.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8, 1983, and May 8, 2078 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar. Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar.
Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date[edit]
Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 20) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.
According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).
Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter[edit]
Both calendars (Gregorian and Julian) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars. However, because of the 13-day difference, any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar. Conversely, any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar.
Beginning March 14, 2100 (February 29, 2100, in the Julian Calendar), the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days.
Public holidays[edit]
This section needs expansion with: details of Easter holidays in other countries; this section currently only mentions those with a four-day weekend. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
In Hungary, the United Kingdom except Scotland, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland and New Zealand, Easter comprises two public holidays, Good Friday and Easter Monday, making a four-day weekend. The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other, fixed, public holidays.
In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011, the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday, causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday. (In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday.) In 2011, a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton;[1] consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks (including two in one week), creating two consecutive four-day weekends (Friday 22 — Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April — Monday 2 May), with a three-day working week in between (Tuesday 26 — Thursday 28 April).
In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008, Saint Patrick's Day (Monday 17 March) fell six days before Easter (Sunday 23 March), creating a three-day week (Tuesday 18 — Thursday 20 March). This will next happen in 2035, when Saint Patrick's day falls on Saturday, so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March, again six days before Easter.
Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar, saints' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday. In Ireland, the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead.[2]
In Australia, ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April. In 2000 and 2011, this created a five-day weekend over Easter: in 2000, Easter Monday fell on 24 April, with Easter Tuesday, 25 April, then being ANZAC Day; in 2011, ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April, which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April.[3] In 2003 and 2014, ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday, and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday, and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday; the consequence is three-day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend.
Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States. In North Carolina, however, it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom".
Jump up ^ "Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week". Catholic News Agency. July 19, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php
Jump up ^ "Easter Monday in the United States". TimeandDate.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html – has a much larger list of dates
A chronology since Council Nicaea "Date of Easter Sunday" Father Kevin Michael Laughery, as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 (last updated Tuesday, November 4, 2008)
Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=843498332"
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